ConflictBarometer_2015

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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB of 18 Turkish workers in Baghdad on September 2 and condemned Turkey as Iraq's biggest enemy. The Mukhtar Army, supported by Iran, claimed responsibility on October 30 for a rocket attack on a camp near Baghdad that had killed 23 members of Iranian opposition group Mujahideen Khalq [→ Iran (People's Mujahideen)]. Tensions between Shiite militants and Turkey remained, especially after Turkish troops refused to leave Iraqi territory near Mosul after a 48-hour deadline set by the government had expired. Badr Brigade spokesman Karim al-Nuri likened the Turkish incursion with the presence of IS in Iraq. Akram al-Kaabi, leader of the Iran-backed Harakat al-Nujaba militia, stated on November 4 that his group was not plotting a coup but would do so if the religious leaders from Iran demand it. mas ISRAEL (HAMAS ET AL. / PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1988 Conflict parties: Hamas, PRC, PIJ et al. vs. government Conflict items: secession, system/ideology, resources The conflict over the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state and resources between the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) and other Islamist militant groups operating from Gaza strip, on the one hand, and the government, on the other, de-escalated to a limited war. After Egypt had mediated a long-term ceasefire between Hamas and Israel in August 2014, fatality rates dropped significantly from over 2,000 in 2014 to at least 53. In the first half of the year, the conflict left at least one Palestinian and one Israeli dead. In the second half, 27 Gazans, 21 other Palestinians and at least three Israelis living in West Bank were killed. On February 9, IDF destroyed the last tunnel connecting the Gaza strip and Israel, near Nahal Oz, Southern District. However, newly constructed tunnels were found several times in <strong>2015</strong>. Throughout the year, rocket fire from the Gaza strip onto Israel, often followed by airstrikes from Israel on targets in Gaza, was observed. For instance, on May 25, Hamas' military wing, the al-Qassam-Brigades, fired a rocket from the Gaza strip towards the Israeli city of Ashdod, Southern District. Shortly after, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) conducted airstrikes on four military infrastructure sites of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). In at least three incidents in June, the militant Salafi group Omar Brigades claimed responsibility for rocket fire from the Gaza strip towards the Israeli cities of Netivot and Ashkelon in the Southern District, expressing discontent with Hamas' policies [→ Israel (Hamas Salafi]. Subsequently, the IAF struck military sites of Hamas. While Hamas denied responsibility for the attacks, the IDF declared on September 30 that it considered Hamas, as the governing party in the Gaza strip, to be responsible for all attacks on Israel. Apart from rocket attacks from various sites in Gaza, most violence occurred in Gaza Sea at the border between Israel and Gaza as well as in the West Bank. Throughout the year, Israeli naval forces attacked Palestinian fishing boats in the Gaza Sea. At least one Palestinian was killed and nine injured. Several incidents took place in the border region between Gaza and Israel, which led to the death of at least 16 Gazans. During violent demonstrations in eastern Gaza on October 9, the IDF first used rubber bullets and stun grenades and then fired live ammunition, resulting in the death of eight and injuries of about 70 Gazans. On December 18, one demonstrator was killed and another 43 injured by live ammunition and rubber bullets in clashes with the IDF close to the Erez border crossing, Southern District. Furthermore, violence between the IDF and Palestinians occurred in the West Bank. For instance, the al-Qassam-Brigades claimed responsibility for an attack on two Israelis in Dolev on June 19, killing one. When IDF forces arrived in about 40 army vehicles in the city of Jenin in order to arrest the group's senior commander, Bassam al-Saeedi, on September 1, at least twelve Palestinians were injured by gunfire and tear gas in a shootout between Israeli forces and PIJ members. On November 16, one Hamas member was shot by undercover Israeli forces in a hospital in Hebron. Israel froze Palestinian tax funds on January 4, shortly after the Palestinian Authority had applied for membership at the International Criminal Court, acceding on January 2 [→ Israel (PNA / Palestinian Territories)]. vs ISRAEL (HEZBOLLAH) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1982 Conflict parties: Conflict items: Hezbollah vs. government territory, system/ideology The violent conflict over ideology and territory between Israel and Hezbollah operating from Lebanese territory continued. On January 5, Israel Air Force killed six Hezbollah members in the Syrian Golan, among them the son of former Hezbollah operations chief Imad Mughniyeh, Jihad Mughniyeh. On January 27, Hezbollah fighters from Lebanon opened fire on Israel Defense Forces' (IDF) vehicles with anti-tank missiles near the village of Ghajar, Golan Heights, killing two soldiers and wounding seven. In response, the IDF used aircraft, artillery, and tanks to fire at Hezbollah. One Spanish member of the UNIFIL was killed. On April 26, an Israeli airstrike killed four Hezbollah fighters planting bombs after crossing into Israel from Syria, near the Golan Heights Majdal Shams. Several militants, among them two Hezbollah members and one militiaman loyal to the Syrian government, were killed in an IDF airstrike in southwestern Syria on July 29. On December 20, the IDF killed Samir Kuntar, an alleged Hezbollah commander, and four others in an airstrike in Jaramana city, near Syria's capital Damaskus. Kuntar had been released in a prisoner exchange in 2008. On the same day, three rockets that were supposedly fired from a village south of the city of Tyre, Lebanon, exploded in the Western Galilee, causing no damage. hl ISRAEL (PNA / PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1948 Conflict parties: Conflict items: PNA vs. government secession, system/ideology, resources The violent crisis over the creation of a sovereign Palestinian 174
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB state between the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), led by President Mahmoud Abbas of the al-Fatah party, and the Israeli government continued. On January 1, the Government of Palestine accepted the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court retroactively from 07/13/14, acceding to the Rome Statute on January 2. Throughout the year, Palestinians increasingly attacked Israeli security personnel and civilians. Especially stabbing attacks and car ramming attacks increased. For instance, on March 6, a Palestinian drove his car into a crowd of people standing at a tram stop near Jerusalem. At least five people were injured. After the attack, the perpetrator attempted to stab passengers with a knife before he was shot and wounded by the Israeli police. Subsequently, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) conducted raids, searches, and arrests in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Furthermore, Israeli settlers repeatedly attacked Palestinians. For instance, on July 31, Israeli settlers carried out an arson attack in the village of Duma, West Bank, killing a toddler and his parents. Following this incident, hundreds of Palestinians gathered in Duma vowing to take revenge. Subsequently, Israelis and Palestinians clashed in Jerusalem's Old City and the West Bank numerous times. On September 13, the Israeli police entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque after being told that Palestinians planned attacks on Jews visiting the Temple Mount. They fired rubber bullets and stun grenades, injuring several worshippers. Palestinian protesters threw stones and firework. On September 18, two Palestinians were shot and wounded while throwing firebombs at Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem. Furthermore, on October 3, a Palestinian stabbed and killed two Israelis in Jerusalem's Old City, further wounding one woman and one toddler. After these attacks, on October 4, Israel imposed a 48-hour ban on Palestinians to enter the Old City. The day after, hundreds of Arab Israelis protested. The imposition of the ban was followed by a series of Palestinian attacks on a nearly daily basis. Proclaiming a ''Day of Rage'' on October 13, Palestinians in several locations killed three Israelis and wounded several others. Calling for an end to the violence and for meaningful negotiations, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon met separately with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas in Jerusalem on October 20. Despite the visit, violence did not subside until the end of the year. ari fired batons against protesters who tried to march to the French Embassy. In February, after 70 years, MB formalized its severance into two factions. Members belonging to the Jordanian Building Initiative called Zamzam Initiative declared their breakaway from the main organization after the MB Shura Council had expelled them from the organization on February 14. Thereafter, the Zamzam Initiative applied for registration as legal association under the name ''Muslim Brotherhood''. On March 3, the Ministry of the Interior approved the legal status of the breakaway faction and thereby made it the only legal society by the name of ''Muslim Brotherhood''. The government declared the remaining MB faction illegal. Subsequently, the ability of the now illegal MB organization to assemble was limited. On April 23, Minister of the Interior Hussein al-Majali announced a prohibition of assemblies of groups that would aim at imposing their agenda on the country. The government denied the old MB faction to celebrate its 70th anniversary on April 30 in a public rally, arguing that it was now an illegal group. On May 28, the Legislation and Opinion Bureau permitted the government to transfer properties of the old MB to the newly licensed MB group. The legal dispute continued in July when the government's Department of Land and Survey transferred ownership of seven properties worth several millions of dollars to the new MB. During Ramadan, the government banned the original MB from organizing public prayers, but approved the holding of an Iftar for MB (Zamzam). Until December, a total of 28 leaders resigned from the old MB and joined MB (Zamzam). Furthermore, on September 6, the Jordanian Opposition Coalition announced its election platform. anm LEBANON (SUNNI MILITANT GROUPS) Intensity: 4 | Change: | Start: 2014 Conflict parties: Conflict items: Jabhat al-Nusra, Sunni militant groups vs. government, Hezbollah secession, system/ideology, subnational predominance JORDAN (OPPOSITION) Intensity: 1 | Change: | Start: 2011 Conflict parties: Muslim Brotherhood vs. Muslim Brotherhood (Zamzam) vs. opposition groups vs. government Conflict items: system/ideology, national power The violent crisis between opposition groups, the Muslim Brotherhood (MB), its breakaway faction MB (Zamzam), and the government over national power and the orientation of the political system continued. In a 2,000-strong demonstration organized by the MB after Friday prayers on January 16, protesters clashed with security forces in the capital Amman. The protesters chanted paroles against the French magazine ''Charlie Hebdo'' as well as King Abdullah II bin al-Hussein and Queen Rania al-Abdullah for their participation in the commemoration of the victims of the January 8 Paris attacks [→ Iraq, Syria et al. (IS)]. Police The limited war over subnational predominance between Sunni militant groups, most notably al-Qaida affiliate Jabhat al-Nusra, on the one hand, and the government and Shiite militia Hezbollah, on the other, continued. The conflict was affected by the Syrian civil war and IS' attempt to establish a base in Lebanon's northeastern border region [→ Syria (opposition); Syria, Iraq et al. (IS)]. It mainly took place in the Beqaa governorate, specifically in and around the cities of Arsal, Baalbek, and Ras Baalbek, but also spread to Tripoli, Northern governorate. Since the 08/02/14 attack by ISIS and al-Nusra in Arsal, the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) maintained its hold on Arsal and continued to execute its security plan in the Beqaa Valley, which included a heightening of security measures and widespread raids and arrests. Between January and June, the LAF and Hezbollah gained control of multiple militant's positions in the proximity of the border with Syria, which were important for entering 175
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2015 disputes non-violent crises vi
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CONFLICT BAROMETER I 2015 Analyzed
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AUTHORS AND EDITORIAL BOARD EUROPE
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Methodology
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In addition to the three constituti
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Global Conflict Panorama
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN 2015 (SUBNATIO
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GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT GLOBAL CONFLICT
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA ANALYSIS I
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA COUPS D'É
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION NEG
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION adv
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION rit
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION AUT
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Dur
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CONFLICT ISSUES INTERNATIONAL POWER
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CONFLICT ISSUES as well as Hungary
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CONFLICT ISSUES between the House o
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CONFLICT ISSUES Maghreb were fought
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VIOLENT SUBNATIONAL PREDOMINANCE CO
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NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICTS IN 2015
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN EUROPE IN 2015
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EUROPE they envisaged the region's
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EUROPE Name of conflict 1 Conflict
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EUROPE Lukashenka, on the other, co
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EUROPE GREECE (SOCIAL PROTESTS, LEF
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EUROPE Bridge in Moscow. Subsequent
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EUROPE MP Donika Kadaj-Bujupi was a
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EUROPE of movement and speech, paym
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EUROPE In mid-July, the government
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Counting 97, the
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Overview: Confli
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Name of conflict
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Thousands of peo
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA attacking Kayanz
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA The conflict ove
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 300 people died,
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to withdraw from
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA and 16 months, r
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA latter signed th
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA recurring attack
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NIGERIA, CAMEROON, CHAD, NIGER (BOK
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA the constitution
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Farah Aden, form
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA March 8. On Marc
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA claimed to have
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA killed 16 people
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to sign a compre
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Renewal had been
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE AMERICAS I
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THE AMERICAS In various countries,
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THE AMERICAS Name of conflict 1 Con
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THE AMERICAS CHILE (MAPUCHE / ARAUC
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THE AMERICAS incident an ''act of d
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THE AMERICAS November 3, the air fo
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THE AMERICAS department, who had ca
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THE AMERICAS fices were carried out
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THE AMERICAS Zetas, in San Pedro Ga
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THE AMERICAS gion of the Northern A
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THE AMERICAS gion. In a military op
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THE AMERICAS Maduro accused paramil
Page 125 and 126: VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN ASIA AND OCEAN
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Page 135 and 136: ASIA AND OCEANIA CHINA (SOCIOECONOM
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Page 141 and 142: ASIA AND OCEANIA United Liberation
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Page 199 and 200: YEMEN, SAUDI ARABIA (AL-HOUTHI) Jan
Page 201 and 202: IMPRINT ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Nadine A
Page 203: Heidelberg Institute for Internatio
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