CONFLICT ISSUES five being wars, thus not indicating a clear propensity for large-scale violence. In Asia and Oceania, 28 conflicts encompassed the item resources. Nine conflicts revolved around hydrocarbons and ore respectively, with gold and copper being the most contested metals. Regarding renewable resources, conflicts in Asia outnumbered all other regions, with water and farmland being claimed most frequently. Highly violent conflicts linked to resources occurred in Myanmar [→ Myanmar (KIA, KIO / Kachin State); Myanmar (MNDAA / Shan State)], Pakistan [→ Pakistan (Baloch nationalists / Balochistan)] and the Philippines [→ Philippines (MILF)]. A total of 13 other violent resource conflicts were observed all over the region. The most disputed resource was arable land [e.g. → Japan China (East China Sea), Philippines (MILF); Papua New Guinea (socioeconomic protests)], followed by ore [e.g. → Papua New Guinea (Bougainville), Pakistan (Baloch nationalists / Balochistan)], and water [e.g. → China India, China (Tibet), Uzbekistan Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan]. Japan and China continued to non-violently claim control of the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands in the East China Sea in <strong>2015</strong>. The uninhabited islands lie close to important shipping lanes and inherit rich fishing grounds. Moreover, in the late 1960s undersea oil reserves near the islands had been discovered. The region of Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 27 resourcerelated conflicts, of which 18 were violent, and 13 highly violent. The most often disputed resource was oil, followed by ore, farmland, cattle, gemstones, and water. Nine highly violent conflicts over non-renewable resources such as ore, gemstones, and oil were fought in central Africa. With six limited wars, the DR Congo accounted for more than one third of all limited wars over resources in <strong>2015</strong> worldwide. Additionally, Central African Republic, South Sudan, and Sudan experienced five wars involving resources, making Sub-Saharan Africa the region most severely affected by resource-related violence in <strong>2015</strong>. Conflicts involving scarce agricultural resources such as farmland, cattle, or both experienced high intensities, with the average intensity amounting to the level of a limited war. In one of those conflicts, clashes between pastoralists and farmers in Nigeria's middle belt led to approx. 1,400 fatalities in <strong>2015</strong>. As desertification had reduced fertile grounds, predominantly Christian farmers of Berom and Tiv tribes appealed to their right to cultivate their ancestor's farmland, while mainly Muslim Fulani nomads claimed those as grazing areas for their cattle. As in other similar conflicts in the Sahel region, the conflict was further fueled by disagreements over identitarian (political, ethnic, and religious) issues. All aforementioned cases recorded frequent clashes and raids, leading to several hundred fatalities each year. The Americas faced 26 resource-related conflicts. All four interstate conflicts remained non-violent, while, in contrast, 19 out of 22 sub- and intrastate conflicts were violent. Specifically, ten out of eleven conflicts over plant-based drugs, ten out of twelve conflicts over ore, and nine out of 13 conflicts over farmland were conducted violently. However, only conflicts with conflict parties engaging in drug trafficking were highly violent [e.g. → Mexico (drug cartels)]. Further, drug trafficking organizations engaged in several other resourcerelated activities like illegal mining and oil theft. Oil theft by drug cartels especially constituted a challenge to the Mexican government. Facing an increase of over 40 percent of illegal pipeline taps connected to oil theft in 2014, the state-owned Mexican utility Pemex announced in February <strong>2015</strong> not to transport fully refined fuels in its pipelines anymore in order to impede oil theft. All five highly violent conflicts over ore revolved around drug-trafficking organizations engaging in illegal mining. For instance, the Colombian government sent 600 troops in May to raid 63 mining sites controlled by the FARC. Further conflicts over ore involved primarily protests exercised by opposition groups and local residents against mining projects like the Las Bambas mining site in Peru, where police forces shot dead four protesters when approx. 2,000 people tried to enter the mine on September 28 [→ Peru (opposition movements)]. In the Middle East and Maghreb region, the nine recorded conflicts over resources revolved around hydrocarbons and renewable resources such as water, farmland, and fishing grounds. Seven sub- and intrastate conflicts revolved around hydrocarbons, with only Kuchi nomads and Hazara tribes competing exclusively over farmland in Afghanistan [→ Afghanistan (Kuchi Nomads Hazara)]. The Afghan Taliban allegedly supported the mainly Sunni Kuchi tribes against the Shiite Hazara in <strong>2015</strong> and, additionally, the so-called Islamic State (IS) targeted the Shiite tribes. The conflict between IS, on the one hand, and Syria, Iraq, numerous other governments, and militant groups, on the other, saw repeated airstrikes against oil infrastructure of the IS in Iraq [→ Syria, Iraq et al. (IS)]. Of all resource-related conflicts in the region, only the dispute between the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and the Iraqi government over autonomy and the distribution of oil revenues remained non-violent [→ Iraq (Kurdistan Regional Government)]. Syria's and Israel's conflict over water from the disputed area of the Golan Heights was the only resource-related interstate conflict of the region. Israel had seized the area from Syria in the 1967 Six Day War and annexed it in 1981, with the area now providing approx. one third of Israel's water supply. In early June <strong>2015</strong>, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu demanded from the international community to acknowledge Israel's annexation. In Europe, eight conflicts pertained to resources, with seven being conducted non-violently and one amounting to the level of a war [→ Ukraine (Donbas)]. Hydrocarbons were the most frequently claimed resource being contested in seven conflicts. Besides the secession conflict in Donbas, Ukraine, all resource-related conflicts were linked to claims for territorial waters. In the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, and Northern Cyprus upheld their interests. Two further conflicts over resources focused on the Caspian Sea and the Arctic. As such, in the Arctic, hydrocarbons, ore, and fishing grounds were claimed by Russia, Denmark, Canada, Norway, and the United States. On August 4, Russia announced to have sent a revised bid to the UN, claiming 1.2 million square kilometers of Arctic Sea. (iro, jkr) 38
NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICTS IN <strong>2015</strong> (NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL) INTENSITY 5 WAR 4 LIMITED WAR ___________________________________ VIOLENT 3 VIOLENT CRISIS NON-VIOLENT 2 NON-VIOLENT CRISIS 1 DISPUTE 0 NO CONFLICT
- Page 1 and 2: 2015 disputes non-violent crises vi
- Page 3 and 4: CONFLICT BAROMETER I 2015 Analyzed
- Page 5 and 6: AUTHORS AND EDITORIAL BOARD EUROPE
- Page 7 and 8: Methodology
- Page 9 and 10: In addition to the three constituti
- Page 11 and 12: Global Conflict Panorama
- Page 13 and 14: VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN 2015 (SUBNATIO
- Page 15 and 16: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT GLOBAL CONFLICT
- Page 17 and 18: GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA ANALYSIS I
- Page 19 and 20: GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA COUPS D'É
- Page 21 and 22: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION NEG
- Page 23 and 24: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION adv
- Page 25 and 26: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION rit
- Page 27 and 28: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION AUT
- Page 29 and 30: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Dur
- Page 31 and 32: CONFLICT ISSUES INTERNATIONAL POWER
- Page 33 and 34: CONFLICT ISSUES as well as Hungary
- Page 35 and 36: CONFLICT ISSUES between the House o
- Page 37 and 38: CONFLICT ISSUES Maghreb were fought
- Page 39: VIOLENT SUBNATIONAL PREDOMINANCE CO
- Page 43 and 44: VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN EUROPE IN 2015
- Page 45 and 46: EUROPE they envisaged the region's
- Page 47 and 48: EUROPE Name of conflict 1 Conflict
- Page 49 and 50: EUROPE Lukashenka, on the other, co
- Page 51 and 52: EUROPE GREECE (SOCIAL PROTESTS, LEF
- Page 53 and 54: EUROPE Bridge in Moscow. Subsequent
- Page 55 and 56: EUROPE MP Donika Kadaj-Bujupi was a
- Page 57 and 58: EUROPE of movement and speech, paym
- Page 59 and 60: EUROPE In mid-July, the government
- Page 61 and 62: Sub-Saharan Africa
- Page 63 and 64: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Counting 97, the
- Page 65 and 66: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Overview: Confli
- Page 67 and 68: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Name of conflict
- Page 69 and 70: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Thousands of peo
- Page 71 and 72: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA attacking Kayanz
- Page 73 and 74: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA The conflict ove
- Page 75 and 76: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 300 people died,
- Page 77 and 78: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to withdraw from
- Page 79 and 80: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA and 16 months, r
- Page 81 and 82: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA latter signed th
- Page 83 and 84: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA recurring attack
- Page 85 and 86: NIGERIA, CAMEROON, CHAD, NIGER (BOK
- Page 87 and 88: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA the constitution
- Page 89 and 90: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Farah Aden, form
- Page 91 and 92:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA March 8. On Marc
- Page 93 and 94:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA claimed to have
- Page 95 and 96:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA killed 16 people
- Page 97 and 98:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to sign a compre
- Page 99 and 100:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Renewal had been
- Page 101 and 102:
VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE AMERICAS I
- Page 103 and 104:
THE AMERICAS In various countries,
- Page 105 and 106:
THE AMERICAS Name of conflict 1 Con
- Page 107 and 108:
THE AMERICAS CHILE (MAPUCHE / ARAUC
- Page 109 and 110:
THE AMERICAS incident an ''act of d
- Page 111 and 112:
THE AMERICAS November 3, the air fo
- Page 113 and 114:
THE AMERICAS department, who had ca
- Page 115 and 116:
THE AMERICAS fices were carried out
- Page 117 and 118:
THE AMERICAS Zetas, in San Pedro Ga
- Page 119 and 120:
THE AMERICAS gion of the Northern A
- Page 121 and 122:
THE AMERICAS gion. In a military op
- Page 123 and 124:
THE AMERICAS Maduro accused paramil
- Page 125 and 126:
VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN ASIA AND OCEAN
- Page 127 and 128:
ASIA AND OCEANIA central government
- Page 129 and 130:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Name of conflict 1
- Page 131 and 132:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Name of conflict 1
- Page 133 and 134:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Minister Sheikh Ha
- Page 135 and 136:
ASIA AND OCEANIA CHINA (SOCIOECONOM
- Page 137 and 138:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Committees in Sers
- Page 139 and 140:
ASIA AND OCEANIA South China Sea in
- Page 141 and 142:
ASIA AND OCEANIA United Liberation
- Page 143 and 144:
ASIA AND OCEANIA with the governmen
- Page 145 and 146:
ASIA AND OCEANIA until 01/09/16. Th
- Page 147 and 148:
ASIA AND OCEANIA nation. The ROC go
- Page 149 and 150:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Additionally, Thol
- Page 151 and 152:
ASIA AND OCEANIA national power bet
- Page 153 and 154:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Group sent a speec
- Page 155 and 156:
PAKISTAN (ISLAMIST MILITANT GROUPS)
- Page 157 and 158:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Public School in P
- Page 159 and 160:
ASIA AND OCEANIA over the mine's re
- Page 161 and 162:
ASIA AND OCEANIA use of automatic g
- Page 163 and 164:
ASIA AND OCEANIA The conflict betwe
- Page 165 and 166:
VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE MIDDLE EAS
- Page 167 and 168:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB (Sunni mili
- Page 169 and 170:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Name of con
- Page 171 and 172:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB AFGHANISTAN
- Page 173 and 174:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB ALGERIA (MA
- Page 175 and 176:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB On November
- Page 177 and 178:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB state betwe
- Page 179 and 180:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB and the int
- Page 181 and 182:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB obstruct th
- Page 183 and 184:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Syria. In t
- Page 185 and 186:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB In February
- Page 187 and 188:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB September,
- Page 189 and 190:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Army (LNA),
- Page 191 and 192:
July - September October - December
- Page 193 and 194:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB of whom was
- Page 195 and 196:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB flights to
- Page 197 and 198:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Al-Houthi m
- Page 199 and 200:
YEMEN, SAUDI ARABIA (AL-HOUTHI) Jan
- Page 201 and 202:
IMPRINT ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Nadine A
- Page 203:
Heidelberg Institute for Internatio