SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA both sides continued last year's policy of trading accusations concerning the respective support of each other's armed opposition groups, including arms deliveries [→ South Sudan (SPLM/A-in-Opposition)]. South Sudan also accused Sudan of conducting airstrikes on June 14 to 16 in Maban County, close to the oil-rich Upper Nile border area. The airstrikes killed one soldier and five civilians, and wounded several others. After the South Sudanese government and SPLM/A-IO had signed an internationally-backed peace agreement in late August, President Salva Kiir reached out to Khartoum for support in implementing the deal. The two countries held several meetings over the peace agreement and the status of the border region. On October 14, the defense ministers from both countries agreed to operationalize the Safe Demilitarized Border Zone (SDBZ) and the Joint Border Verification and Monitoring Mechanism (JBVMM), as foreseen in a 2012 agreement between the conflict parties. Even though both sides stressed that their relations had improved, Sudan stationed new troops along the border in late November in order to prevent border crossings of armed opposition groups. On November 26, a UNISFA soldier in Abyei was killed in clashes between Ngok Dinka and Misseriya. In reaction, the UN called for an investigation by both governments and renewed its demand for no other forces to be deployed in Abyei except for UNISFA and the Abyei Police Service. loc TANZANIA (CUF, CHADEMA CCM) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1993 Conflict parties: Conflict items: Chadema, CUF vs. goverment system/ideology, national power The violent crisis over the structure of the political system and national power between the opposition parties Civic United Front (CUF) and Party for Democracy and Progress (Chadema), on the one hand, and the ruling Party of the Revolution (CCM), on the other, continued. Together with other opposition parties, CUF and Chadema organized in the so-called Coalition of Defenders of the People's Constitution (Ukawa). The main controversial issues the three parties faced were the general election on October 25 and the referendum on the new constitution that was scheduled for April 30, but later postponed to an undefined date. While the new constitution proposed the continuation of a two-government system for Tanzania, favored by most members of CCM, CUF and Chadema members backed a three-government structure in which Zanzibar would gain a more autonomous status. In the first half of the year, CCM passed laws limiting the freedom of the media, such as banning various newspapers. Several CCM members switched to Chadema, among them former Prime Minister Edward Lowassa, who was then declared Ukawa's joint presidential candidate on August 4. In response, two leading figures of the opposition parties resigned from their positions. On October 25, general elections were held in Tanzania and Zanzibar. John Magufuli contested for CCM in Tanzania and was declared winner on October 29. In contrast, the Zanzibari Electoral Commission declared the election in Zanzibar as invalid as CUF's presidential candidate claimed to have won the presidency before the results had been officially published. New elections were announced, but opposed by the CUF. Furthermore, Ukawa refused to collaborate with the new government, demanding the conflict over the elections to be resolved first. The conflict turned violent several times throughout the year. On January 6, clashes broke out between supporters of the opposition and of the government in Dar es Salaam due to the unclear status of the December 2014 municipal election votes in the capital's Kinondoni municipality. During the clashes, local party members were injured. The police used tear gas to disperse the crowd. On January 27, CUF chairman Ibrahim Lipumba and about 30 supporters were arrested for holding an unapproved political rally at Temeke municipality, Dar es Salaam. On September 10, a confrontation between supporters of CCM and of Chadema left one dead and five injured. CUF reported on October 26 the use of tear gas and pepper spray by the police to stop a celebration of the claimed victory of the party on Zanzibar. Two days later, the annulment of Zanzibar's presidential election by the Election Commission sparked youth protests. jsp ZIMBABWE (OPPOSITION) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 2000 Conflict parties: Conflict items: MDC-T, MDC-R, NAVUZ, People First, OAUS et al. vs. government system/ideology, national power The violent crisis between opposition groups and the government of President Robert Mugabe over national power and political, economic, and social matters continued. Throughout the year, supporters of the ruling party Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) and supporters of the opposition party Movement for Democratic Change Tsvangirai (MDC-T) clashed frequently, mostly in the capital Harare. For instance, in mid-January, ZANU-PF and MDC-T members clashed in Harare's suburb Budiriro following a rally by MDC-T leader Morgan Tsvangirai. Several people were injured. The first two weeks of November saw multiple violent clashes between MDC-T and ZANU-PF supporters in Harare's suburb Hopley. On November 1, several people were injured when ZANU-PF supporters attempted to prevent an MDC-T rally. Furthermore, MDC-T youths clashed with the police during a protest in Harare on November 12, the police arresting at least 25 people. Violence between supporters of the opposing parties also ensued in localities all over the country when opposition supporters were denied food donations. Since July, the police and street vendors clashed frequently as the former enforced a relocation policy enacted by the government. Vendors were prohibited to sell their goods in the inner parts of cities like Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, and Masvingo. The National Vendors Union of Zimbabwe (NAVUZ) and MDC-T opposed the new policy and called on vendors to resist police instructions. Violence mainly occurred in Harare. On July 9, vendors clashed with the police, leaving some people injured and the police arresting 26 vendors. Five days later, NAVUZ leader Sten Zvorwadza and vendors were beaten and arrested by the police. On October 12, vendors threw stones at police officers, injuring at least four. The police arrested 13 people. After Itai Dzamara, leader of the opposition movement Occupy Africa Unity Square, had been abducted by unknown men in Harare on March 9, MDC-T accused the government of being responsible for the abduction. The police violently broke up prayer meetings expressing hope for the return of Dzamara, for instance in Harare's suburb Highfield on June 14. MDC-T was among the organizers of the gathering. After 21 members of parliament aligned with the MDC- 96
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Renewal had been expelled by MDC-T, by-elections were held on June 10. MDC-T boycotted the elections and ZANU- PF won all vacant seats in parliament. Following internal struggles and exclusions from ZANU-PF, some politicians, including former vice president Joice Mujuru, founded a new party called People First. In an address to military representatives on September 2, the commander of Zimbabwe's Presidential Guard said he would use force to prevent activities by People First. lsc 97
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EUROPE they envisaged the region's
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