Conflict Issues
CONFLICT ISSUES INTERNATIONAL POWER In <strong>2015</strong>, 65 of all 75 interstate conflicts revolved around international power and/or territory. Ten of those conflicts reached the level of a violent crisis and were distributed across the Middle East and Maghreb (5), Asia and Oceania (3), Europe (1), and Sub-Saharan Africa (1). Nine of these cases related to territory and six of them to the struggle for international power. After the de-escalation of the limited war between Pakistan and India, no highly violent interstate conflict was observed in <strong>2015</strong>. The remaining 55 conflicts were of low intensity, divided into 29 non-violent crises and 26 disputes. Conflicts over territory accounted for a total of 46, with 14 of the disputed territories being located in Asia, eleven in the Americas, nine in Europe, and five each in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the Middle East and Maghreb. A total of 16 cases saw the combination of both territorial issues and international power struggles. Just over half of them were fought in Asia and Oceania. Apart from the eight violent territorial conflicts, another 18 cases saw a threat to use force or the imposition of sanctions, defining the level of a non-violent crisis. A total of 19 territorial conflicts were conducted as disputes. International power struggles, i.e. conflicts over changes in the power structure of the international system or one of its regional subsystems, totaled 35. About one third of them was located each in Europe (11) and Asia and Oceania (11), while nine of them were located in the Middle East and Maghreb, two in the Americas, and two in Sub-Saharan Africa. With the exception of one new conflict between Russia and Turkey that erupted in November over the Turkish downing of a Russian fighter jet, international power conflicts saw the use of violence only in cases that also involved territorial issues (5) [→ Turkey Russia]. Most international power conflicts were conducted at the level of a non-violent crisis (21), compared to a number of eight conflicts remaining at dispute level. In Europe, all interstate conflicts were conducted without the use of force. Only in the intercontinental conflict between Western powers and Russia, actors sought to transform the international system [→ USA, EU et al. Russia]. The majority (11/17) of European interstate conflicts revolved around international power. Notably eight out of 17 European interstate conflicts were associated with domestic issues of national minorities, most noteworthy in the context of the violent crisis in the Caucasus [→Armenia Azerbaijan]. Minority issues were emphasized especially by Russia and Hungary in conflicts with their neighboring countries [→ Hungary Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine (Hungarian minorities); Russia Ukraine; Russia Estonia; Russia Lithuania]. Fourteen of the 21 interstate conflicts in Asia and Oceania revolved around territory and eleven over international power. All three observed violent crises between states revolved around international power and territory, but two also involved the issues of system/ideology or water [→ North Korea South Korea; Pakistan India]. In the territorial conflicts of North East Asia, history conceptions remained a prominent issue, although tensions eased over conciliatory steps taken by all sides. Japan and South Korea reached a major agreement on the ''comfort women' issue, while Japan and the People's Republic of China made progress towards reconciliation [→ Japan South Korea; Japan China (East China Sea)]. None of the 13 American interstate conflicts over international power and/or territory were conducted violently, but a total of seven cases saw threats of violence. Both the United Kingdom and Chile were involved in a dispute over Antarctic territory [→ United Kingdom Chile (Antarctica)]. Seven interstate conflicts focused on territory as the sole contended issue and, in four conflicts, states also sought control of resources. A new conflict emerged in <strong>2015</strong> between Venezuela and Guyana over maritime possessions and the Guayana Esquiba territory [→ Venezuela Guyana]. The Middle East and Maghreb showed the highest ratio of violent interstate conflicts when compared to non-violent conflicts (4/12). The region was the center of three intercontinental conflicts revolving around power and/or system/ideology [→ Iran USA; Iran USA, EU (nuclear program); Syria USA]. Two disputes in the Middle East and Maghreb concentrated solely on territory and one on international power [→ Iran UAE; Egypt Sudan (border); Turkey Iraq]. Sub-Saharan Africa saw the lowest number of territorial and/or international power conflicts with a total of six. In the Great Lakes region, two non-violent crises over regional power also involved territorial claims [→ Burundi Rwanda; DR Congo Rwanda]. Sub-Saharan Africa's only violent interstate conflict was fought over the oil-rich Abyei area [→ Sudan South Sudan]. The only interstate conflicts over international power and/or territory were disputes over territory [→ Equatorial Guinea Gabon (Mbanié, Cocotier, Conga islands); Ethiopia Eritrea]. In <strong>2015</strong>, a total of eleven conflicts between states from different continents were observed, all of them non-violent. Among them were six international power conflicts and three territorial conflicts. While among the latter, only the conflict between Argentina and the UK over the Falkland Islands involved threats of violence, all except one of the international power conflicts remained on crisis level. The US was a party to all five non-violent, international power crises and also to the territorial and resource dispute in the Arctic [→ Russia Norway et al. (Arctic)]. Iran, Russia, and the EU were each involved in two intercontinental conflicts. Three intercontinental conflicts involved more than two parties [→ Russia Norway et al. (Arctic); Iran USA, EU (nuclear program); USA, EU et al. Russia]. All three remained non-violent, as did six of the seven regional multilateral conflicts, excepting only the violent border crisis in the Central Asian Fergana Valley, which involved also non-state actors [→ Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan (border communities / Fergana Valley)]. The conflicts over the nuclear programs of Iran and North Korea, both involving US-led state coalitions, continued as non-violent crises [→ Iran USA, EU (nuclear program); North Korea USA, South Korea, Japan]. While the Iranian case saw a considerable ease of tensions with the final nuclear agreement reached by the P5+1/E3+3 group on July 14, the North Korean case saw renewed nuclear threats by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and a partial extension of sanctions. On December 10, DPRK leader Kim Jong-un proclaimed the country's readiness to detonate a hydrogen bomb. The countries most frequently engaged in interstate conflict in <strong>2015</strong> were the US (12), Russia (9), Turkey (6), Iran (5), Japan (5), and the PRC (5). Accounting for multiple dyads within multilateral conflicts, the countries with the highest number of conflictive bilateral relationships were Russia (21), the US (12), Iran and the PRC (8), and Malaysia (7), with the EU member states counted as a single block. As a supranational organization, the EU engaged in two conflicts as direct party, imposing collective sanctions [→ USA, EU et al. Russia; Iran USA, EU (nuclear program)]. Among EU member states, the UK (3), Hungary (3), and Greece (2) had the most conflictive bilateral relationships, with conflicts continuing between the UK and Spain, Slovenia and Croatia, 29
- Page 1 and 2: 2015 disputes non-violent crises vi
- Page 3 and 4: CONFLICT BAROMETER I 2015 Analyzed
- Page 5 and 6: AUTHORS AND EDITORIAL BOARD EUROPE
- Page 7 and 8: Methodology
- Page 9 and 10: In addition to the three constituti
- Page 11 and 12: Global Conflict Panorama
- Page 13 and 14: VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN 2015 (SUBNATIO
- Page 15 and 16: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT GLOBAL CONFLICT
- Page 17 and 18: GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA ANALYSIS I
- Page 19 and 20: GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA COUPS D'É
- Page 21 and 22: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION NEG
- Page 23 and 24: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION adv
- Page 25 and 26: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION rit
- Page 27 and 28: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION AUT
- Page 29: MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Dur
- Page 33 and 34: CONFLICT ISSUES as well as Hungary
- Page 35 and 36: CONFLICT ISSUES between the House o
- Page 37 and 38: CONFLICT ISSUES Maghreb were fought
- Page 39 and 40: VIOLENT SUBNATIONAL PREDOMINANCE CO
- Page 41 and 42: NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICTS IN 2015
- Page 43 and 44: VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN EUROPE IN 2015
- Page 45 and 46: EUROPE they envisaged the region's
- Page 47 and 48: EUROPE Name of conflict 1 Conflict
- Page 49 and 50: EUROPE Lukashenka, on the other, co
- Page 51 and 52: EUROPE GREECE (SOCIAL PROTESTS, LEF
- Page 53 and 54: EUROPE Bridge in Moscow. Subsequent
- Page 55 and 56: EUROPE MP Donika Kadaj-Bujupi was a
- Page 57 and 58: EUROPE of movement and speech, paym
- Page 59 and 60: EUROPE In mid-July, the government
- Page 61 and 62: Sub-Saharan Africa
- Page 63 and 64: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Counting 97, the
- Page 65 and 66: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Overview: Confli
- Page 67 and 68: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Name of conflict
- Page 69 and 70: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Thousands of peo
- Page 71 and 72: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA attacking Kayanz
- Page 73 and 74: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA The conflict ove
- Page 75 and 76: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 300 people died,
- Page 77 and 78: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to withdraw from
- Page 79 and 80: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA and 16 months, r
- Page 81 and 82:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA latter signed th
- Page 83 and 84:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA recurring attack
- Page 85 and 86:
NIGERIA, CAMEROON, CHAD, NIGER (BOK
- Page 87 and 88:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA the constitution
- Page 89 and 90:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Farah Aden, form
- Page 91 and 92:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA March 8. On Marc
- Page 93 and 94:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA claimed to have
- Page 95 and 96:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA killed 16 people
- Page 97 and 98:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to sign a compre
- Page 99 and 100:
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Renewal had been
- Page 101 and 102:
VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE AMERICAS I
- Page 103 and 104:
THE AMERICAS In various countries,
- Page 105 and 106:
THE AMERICAS Name of conflict 1 Con
- Page 107 and 108:
THE AMERICAS CHILE (MAPUCHE / ARAUC
- Page 109 and 110:
THE AMERICAS incident an ''act of d
- Page 111 and 112:
THE AMERICAS November 3, the air fo
- Page 113 and 114:
THE AMERICAS department, who had ca
- Page 115 and 116:
THE AMERICAS fices were carried out
- Page 117 and 118:
THE AMERICAS Zetas, in San Pedro Ga
- Page 119 and 120:
THE AMERICAS gion of the Northern A
- Page 121 and 122:
THE AMERICAS gion. In a military op
- Page 123 and 124:
THE AMERICAS Maduro accused paramil
- Page 125 and 126:
VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN ASIA AND OCEAN
- Page 127 and 128:
ASIA AND OCEANIA central government
- Page 129 and 130:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Name of conflict 1
- Page 131 and 132:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Name of conflict 1
- Page 133 and 134:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Minister Sheikh Ha
- Page 135 and 136:
ASIA AND OCEANIA CHINA (SOCIOECONOM
- Page 137 and 138:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Committees in Sers
- Page 139 and 140:
ASIA AND OCEANIA South China Sea in
- Page 141 and 142:
ASIA AND OCEANIA United Liberation
- Page 143 and 144:
ASIA AND OCEANIA with the governmen
- Page 145 and 146:
ASIA AND OCEANIA until 01/09/16. Th
- Page 147 and 148:
ASIA AND OCEANIA nation. The ROC go
- Page 149 and 150:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Additionally, Thol
- Page 151 and 152:
ASIA AND OCEANIA national power bet
- Page 153 and 154:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Group sent a speec
- Page 155 and 156:
PAKISTAN (ISLAMIST MILITANT GROUPS)
- Page 157 and 158:
ASIA AND OCEANIA Public School in P
- Page 159 and 160:
ASIA AND OCEANIA over the mine's re
- Page 161 and 162:
ASIA AND OCEANIA use of automatic g
- Page 163 and 164:
ASIA AND OCEANIA The conflict betwe
- Page 165 and 166:
VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE MIDDLE EAS
- Page 167 and 168:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB (Sunni mili
- Page 169 and 170:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Name of con
- Page 171 and 172:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB AFGHANISTAN
- Page 173 and 174:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB ALGERIA (MA
- Page 175 and 176:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB On November
- Page 177 and 178:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB state betwe
- Page 179 and 180:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB and the int
- Page 181 and 182:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB obstruct th
- Page 183 and 184:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Syria. In t
- Page 185 and 186:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB In February
- Page 187 and 188:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB September,
- Page 189 and 190:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Army (LNA),
- Page 191 and 192:
July - September October - December
- Page 193 and 194:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB of whom was
- Page 195 and 196:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB flights to
- Page 197 and 198:
MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Al-Houthi m
- Page 199 and 200:
YEMEN, SAUDI ARABIA (AL-HOUTHI) Jan
- Page 201 and 202:
IMPRINT ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Nadine A
- Page 203:
Heidelberg Institute for Internatio