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550 MOSSI<br />

exposes individuals to the advantages Islam offers in terms of protection and aid<br />

from co-religionists of whatever ethnicity, while traditionalists lack a universal<br />

link to non-Voltaics. Second, not all Mossi immigrants have gone to laboring<br />

jobs. There are well-established Mossi trading communities in Ghanaian cities.<br />

One study found that second- and third-generation Mossi in Kumasi, Ghana,<br />

were increasingly assimilated into the Muslim Hausa-dominated zongo (stranger's<br />

quarter) and knew very little of Mossi culture or even the language, although<br />

they retained ethnic identity as Mossi in their own as well as others' eyes (see<br />

Hausa).<br />

The impact of Islam on Mossi society and culture is considerable. Mossi<br />

Muslims are, however, enough of a minority and a historical and cultural novelty<br />

that they are conscious of being part of a non-Muslim whole. West African Islam<br />

in the savanna belt is known for embracing a continuum of believers ranging<br />

from urban Quranic scholars of great orthodoxy to rural farmers repeating prayers<br />

by rote alongside traditional shrines. But whereas a Hausa farmer, say, in Nigeria<br />

is part of a self-consciously Muslim society with institutional supports, a Mossi<br />

Muslim must rely on his own values and commitments to "Islamize" his daily<br />

life. The continuing incorporation of Mossi and Upper Volta into regional and<br />

world economic and political systems favors universalistic religions, and Islam<br />

offers Mossi many advantages. Both Christianity and Islam are expanding at the<br />

expense of traditional religion, but Islam has the greater momentum.<br />

BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />

<strong>Books</strong><br />

Bricker, Gary, and Traore, Soumana. "Transitional Urbanization in Upper Volta: The<br />

Case of Ouagadougou, a Savannah Capital." In Urban Systems in Africa, edited<br />

by Robert A. Obudho and Salah El-Shaikh. New York: Praeger, 1979.<br />

Fage, J. D. "Reflections on the Early History of the Mossi-Dagomba Group of States."<br />

In The Historian in Tropical Africa, edited by J. Vansina, R. Mauny, and L. V.<br />

Thomas. London: International African Institute, 1964.<br />

Finnegan, Gregory A. "Employment Opportunity and Migration Among Mossi of Upper<br />

Volta." In Research in Economic Anthropology, edited by George Dalton. Vol.<br />

3. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1980.<br />

, and Delgado, Christopher L. "Cachez la Vache: Mossi Cattle, Fulbe Keepers<br />

and the Maintenance of Ethnicity." In Image and Reality in African Inter ethnic<br />

Relations: The Fulbe and Their Neighbors, edited by Emily A. Schultz. Williamsburg,<br />

Va.: College of William and Mary, 1980.<br />

Goody, Jack R. Technology, Tradition and the State in Africa. London: International<br />

African Institute, 1971.<br />

Hammond, Peter B. "Economic Change and Mossi Acculturation." In Continuity and<br />

Change in African Cultures, edited by W. R. Bascom and M. J. Herskovits.<br />

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959.<br />

. "Technoeconomic Innovation and Mossi Religious Change." In African Reli-

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