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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 799 both in the past (precedence in adopting Islam) and in the present as learned and pious members of the Islamic intelligentsia. Restoring their former dignity, if not their former leadership, seems to be their common purpose. BIBLIOGRAPHY <strong>Books</strong> Balfour-Paul, H. G. History and Antiquities of Darfur. Khartoum: Sudan Antiquities Service, 1953. Gros, R. "Histoire des toundjour de Mondo (Kanem)." In Quelques Populations de la republique du Tchad. Paris: C.H.E.A.M., 1971. Le Rouvreur, A. Sahariens et saheliens du Tchad. Paris: Editions Berger-Levrault, 1962. Nachtigal, G. Sahara and Sudan. IV. Wadai and Darfur. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1971. (English translation.) O'Fahey, R. S., and Spaulding, J. Kingdoms of the Sudan. London: Methuen, 1974. Tubiana, M.-J. Un Patriote tundjur: Le FakiAdam ab-Tisheka. Valbonne, France: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1981. ; Khayar, I. H.; and Deville, P. Abd el-Karim, propagateur de iIslam etfondateur du royaume des Ouaddai. Contributions a la connaissance des elites africaines, No. 2. Valbonne, France: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1978. Articles Arkell, A. J. "Darfur Antiquities." Sudan Notes and Records 19:1 (1936): 301-311; 20:1 (1937): 91-105; 27 (1946): 185-202. MacMichael, H. A. "The Tungur-Fur of Dar Furnung." Sudan Notes and Records 3:1 (1920): 24-32. Record Adam Ab Tisheka (faqi). Autobiography (in Arabic). Valbonne, France: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1981. Joseph Tubiana TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES More than 100 million Turkic-speaking peoples of Europe and Asia, here called Turks, occupy an almost continuous band of territory extending from the Balkans to northeastern Siberia. While the peripheries of their lands are but sparsely populated by Turks, they comprise the predominant ethnic communities in the Anatolian peninsula and in the Central Asian borderlands of the Soviet Union, Iran, Afghanistan and China. The heterogeneity of the Turks in religion (they are 98 percent Muslim of various sects), racial type, social structure and modes of livelihood renders untenable any attempt to classify them as a separate and distinct ethnic entity
800 TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES on any basis save that of linguistic affinity. Turkic subgroups are distinct and self-identified. The shamanistic Yakut, engaged in reindeer breeding along the upper reaches of the Aldan River in eastern Siberia, and the Christian, sedentary Surguch of Bulgaria possess no distinguishing feature in common other than the fact that their mutually unintelligible languages are descended from a common parent language. That language, Proto-Turkic, is related through common descent to the precursors of the Mongolic and Tungus-Manchu languages. The Turkic, Mongolic and Tungus-Manchu languages together comprise the Altaic family of languages, to which Yukagir, Korean, Japanese and the Uralic languages (Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic) are commonly throught to bear a more distant relation. The primordial homeland of the Turks is generally thought to have been in the eastern portion of the Eurasian plain, approximately in the area now occupied by the Mongolian People's Republic. Thus, the ancestral Turks would have faced Tungus and Paleo-Siberian tribes on the north and east, Mongols to the south and Tocharian and Iranic-speaking peoples on the west. The present disposition of the Turks is largely the result of a series of migrations out of the original homeland. One of these movements, that of the Yakut, whose northward exodus to their present habitat in Siberia probably began in the twelfth century, is of little consequence to the historiography of the Muslim world. The other migrations consisted of four overlapping waves of Turks and other Altaic people, whose penetrations into Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe exerted an enormous influence on world history. The four migrations were those of the Huns, the Ogiiz Turks, the Kipchaks and the Mongols. The Hunnic Empire, which thrust itself westward until checked in France at the Battle of Catalaunian Fields in A.D. 451, was comprised of numerous ethnic groups, including Turks, who formed the nucleus of the Bulgar and Khazar states in the Russian steppe lands between the fifth and tenth centuries. Meanwhile, a confederation of Turks consolidated power in the area formerly occupied by the Huns, between the Amur and Irtysh rivers. The westward advance of these Turks brought them increasingly into contact with Indo-Europeans under the domination of the Persian Sassanid dynasty. The subsequent history of Central Asia is largely concerned with the defeat and assimilation of the Bactrians, Sogdians and others by the Turks, whose westward progress continued without serious interruption, even though the internal political status of the Turks underwent frequent and radical alterations. The Tajiks, the former Sogdians, have retained their Persian speech, but most of the outlying Iranic peoples were assimilated to the language of the Turks, while at the same time assimilating many of the Turks to their more sedentary cultures. Even today the extensive intermingling of the western Turks with Persians is reflected in the predominantly Caucasian features of the Turks living west of the Amu Darya, as opposed to the mainly Mongoloid features of the Turks living east of the region. The Persian influence is also manifested in the strong Zoroastrian substratum underlying the Muslim practices of many Turks.
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m^mt
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Muslim Peoples
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,*0W
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Partap C. Aggarwal SHRI RAM CENTER
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CONTRIBUTORS Vll Robert L. Hardgrav
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CONTRIBUTORS IX Abdi A. Sheik-Abdi
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Volume 1 CONTENTS Preface xix Intro
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CONTENTS xiii Fulani 257 Funj 261 F
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CONTENTS XV Mossi 546 Nogai 553 Nub
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CONTENTS XV11 Yoruba 872 Yoruk 876
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20° E 500 Km EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
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UJ o O jQ "" O CD £ _ Q o - O w C
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Muslim Peoples
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454 MABA the centuries have adopted
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456 MABA division of the village po
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458 MADURESE Works, John A. "Wither
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460 MADURESE she conducts the selam
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462 MAGUINDANAO leader. Medeldeling
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464 MAGUINDANAO warriors (see Sama)
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466 MAGUINDANAO which in recent yea
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468 MAHARASHTRIANS from north India
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470 MAKASSARESE bration of marriage
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472 MALAYO-POLYNESIAN-SPEAKING PEOP
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478 MALAYS century, and even into t
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480 MALAYS . The Malays: Their Prob
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482 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES used w
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484 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES Mali p
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486 MANDINKA Article Dieterlen, G.
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488 MANDINKA over social and religi
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490 MANDINKA for their abilities to
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492 MAPPILLA In Conflict and Harmon
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494 MAPPILLA The mosques of Kerala
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496 MARANAO pinos and foreign colon
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498 MARANAO returned to teach in lo
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500 MASALIT The Masalit, and a grou
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502 MASALIT wife's mother still exp
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504 MEIDOB Kapteijns, L. "The Emerg
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506 MEIDOB time, when political and
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508 MELANAU Articles Lampen, G. D.
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510 MELANAU category of his father.
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512 MELANAU officers and religious
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514 MENDE of peak labor input by co
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516 MENDE BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Abraha
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518 MEOS ancient raga traditions of
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520 MEOS Muslim manner, but most of
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522 MIMA-MIMI Historians have not i
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524 MINANGKABAU important character
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526 MINANGKABAU return, they are tr
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528 MOGHOLS . "Some Notes on the Ta
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530 MOGHOLS of their neighbors to t
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532 MOLBOG water." Tradition says t
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534 MOLBOG builds its own house, us
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536 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES A
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538 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES c
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540 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES S
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542 States: Dagomba Books MOLE-DAGB
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544 MOORS . "Migration and Tribal I
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546 MOSSI similar characteristics.
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548 MOSSI is red with laterite. Dai
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550 MOSSI exposes individuals to th
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552 MOSSI Tarr, Delbert Howard. "In
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554 NUBA Islam came to the Nogai Ho
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556 NUBA had distinct political dev
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558 NUBA the kujur, who were often
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560 NUBIANS Historically, the Nubia
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562 NUBIANS pronounced in this area
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564 NUBIANS . La Nubia Medioevale.
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566 NUPE language of these classes,
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568 NUPE from this era as well. Cer
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570 NURISTANIS "Land of Infidels,"
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572 NURISTANIS symbolized in instit
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574 NYAMWEZI to a Communist Afghani
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576 NYAMWEZI ucation which requires
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578 NYANKOLE Finucane, J. R. Rural
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580 NYANKOLE government service tha
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582 NYANKOLE Ganda). These factions
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584 OGAN-BESEMAH Present provincial
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586 ORISSANS is an occasion for the
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588 ORISSANS feeding is not possibl
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590 OROMO ship among girls is commo
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592 OROMO educated Oromo. It is iro
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594 OROMO Although there are so man
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596 OSSETIANS Hultin, J. "Social St
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598 OSSETIANS such as the transfer
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PASHAI 601 temporary Pashai mountai
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PASHAI 603 at present modern small
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*X?ri PERSIANS 605 Iran and Afghani
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*J&r* PERSIANS 607 urban social sys
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K&r • PERSIANS 609 trend among th
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PERSIANS 611 Coon, Carleton S. Cara
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*3Zr^ POMAKS 613 forced to convert
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POMAKS 615 closing the the Greek bo
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i-V i-_ T~- £ V. ~£„ i^ftrr* PU
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PUNJABIS 619 village may be dominat
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PUNJABIS 621 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ahm
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PUSHTUN 623 or herdsmen. They raise
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PUSHTUN 625 Idle young men in villa
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~ftrrr=^-r^j- PUSHTUN 627 of 1979 a
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PUSHTUN 629 Howell, Evelyn. Mizh: A
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*?r- Q QASHQA'I The Qashqa'i, one o
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*/" QASHQA'I 633 alism and urban wa
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^r- QASHQA'I 635 Shiraz to make or
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^M" QIZILBASH 637 Duncan, David Dou
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QIZILBASH 639 Afghan Khorasan and B
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QIZILBASH 641 constantly felt waves
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R RESHAWA They call themselves Resh
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RESHAWA 645 refrains from praying a
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s SADAMA The Ethiopian people who r
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SADAMA 649 be chronologically old,
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gjv 1 SADAMA 651 minor spirit being
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SALARS 653 by Mahmud al Kashgari an
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SAMA 655 derive from a migration in
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SAMA 657 munities may contain two o
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SANGIL 659 Pallesen, Kemp. "Recipro
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JJE^l SASAK 661 occupation. In the
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SASAK 663 The religious organizatio
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SENUFO 665 cifically applied to the
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SENUFO 667 some of the reasons stat
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SERER 669 the most vigorously. Both
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SHAHSEVAN 671 sevan differ from oth
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SHAHSEVAN 673 The Iranian New Year
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SHANGAWA 675 sixteenth century a Mo
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SHANGAWA 677 A corpse is buried wit
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- J»_-y jr.^y -7 v> SHINA-SPEAKING
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• *•-- *„- ;—-TV.. SHINA-SP
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SHINA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 683 about th
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SINDHIS 685 Approximately 93 percen
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SINDHIS 687 for the family's affair
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SINDHIS 689 Crops grown include whe
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SINYAR 691 the east by the Fur and
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SINYAR 693 Masalit Native Administr
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SOGA 695 Articles Doornbos, Paul. "
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SOGA 697 administration but also in
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SOMALIS 699 activities produce meag
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SOMALIS 701 conflict. Two cases in
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SOMALIS 703 Success," a philosophic
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SONGHAY 705 Luling, Virginia. "Soma
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SONGHAY 707 communities of Songhay
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SONINKE 709 such sites, drawing the
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SONINKE 711 cleric is elected for l
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soso 713 of Soso settlements came t
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soso 715 future husband gives prese
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^i soso 717 In the more orthodox se
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SOUTH AFRICANS 719 terms designed t
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SOUTH AFRICANS 721 eroded, partly b
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SRI LANKANS 723 Desai, B., and Marn
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SRI LANKANS 725 There is considerab
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SUNDANESE 727 order, also do, but s
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SUNDANESE 729 the defeat of the Sum
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yp> SUNDANESE 731 BIBLIOGRAPHY Book
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SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
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SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
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SWAHILI 735 public, worn over eithe
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SWAHILI 737 Lienhardt, Peter. "Cont
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w T TAJIK The Tajik of Central Asia
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^^ TAJIK 741 creep up the walls unt
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TAJIK 743 mothers are walking encyc
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 745 Slobin, M
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 747 Masalit b
Page 332 and 333: wr TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 749 of Tam
Page 334 and 335: W" TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 751 centur
Page 336 and 337: TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 753 Shali and
Page 338 and 339: TAQALI 755 Small villages dot the p
Page 340 and 341: TAQALI 757 Both men and women farm,
Page 342 and 343: TATARS 759 called themselves Turks,
Page 344 and 345: TATARS 761 substantial private prop
Page 346 and 347: TATARS 763 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Allwo
Page 348 and 349: TAUSUG 765 contain Islam in the sou
Page 350 and 351: TAUSUG 767 they may reside with the
Page 352 and 353: TAUSUG 769 (and Samal) society. Man
Page 354 and 355: TEBU 771 therefore, the people of T
Page 356 and 357: TEBU 773 basic difference in social
Page 358 and 359: TEMNE 775 kola, enter the market as
Page 360 and 361: TEMNE 777 schools. In general the i
Page 362 and 363: TERNATAN-TIDORESE 779 Gamble, David
Page 364 and 365: TERNATAN-TIDORESE 781 system of ann
Page 366 and 367: w* THAIS 783 of having a great deal
Page 368 and 369: THAIS 785 property indefinitely. Th
Page 370 and 371: THAIS 787 Pattani. All stress the g
Page 372 and 373: TOMINI 789 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bauer
Page 374 and 375: V" TOMINI 791 shift from matrilater
Page 376 and 377: TUKULOR 793 ernment cooperatives fo
Page 378 and 379: TUKULOR 795 The middle class, rimbe
Page 380 and 381: TUNJUR 797 leaves open the question
Page 384 and 385: TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 801 In the
Page 386 and 387: TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 803 main la
Page 388 and 389: TURKMEN 805 An alternative spelling
Page 390 and 391: TURKMEN 807 lived only in tents and
Page 392 and 393: TURKMEN 809 Nurture? AAAS Selected
Page 394 and 395: TURKS, ANATOLIAN 811 veloped, and f
Page 396 and 397: ("^ TURKS, ANATOLIAN 813 Enthusiasm
Page 398 and 399: TURKS, ANATOLIAN 815 depended on th
Page 400 and 401: TURKS, ANATOLIAN 817 , and Tumertek
Page 402 and 403: TURKS, RUMELIAN 819 Contact on Trad
Page 404 and 405: TURKS, RUMELIAN 821 territories, fo
Page 406 and 407: u URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES The Urdu-sp
Page 408 and 409: URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 825 gamous (a
Page 410 and 411: V" URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 827 are kn
Page 412 and 413: URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 829 and Socia
Page 414 and 415: UYGUR 831 on either side of the Bog
Page 416 and 417: UZBEK 833 Pickens, Claude L., Jr. A
Page 418 and 419: UZBEK 835 a modernization program w
Page 420 and 421: UZBEK 837 In pre-revolutionary Tran
Page 422 and 423: UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 839 Uzbek commu
Page 424 and 425: UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 841 frame. Felt
Page 426: UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 843 Schurmann,
Page 429 and 430: 846 VAI activities. Chattel slaves
Page 431 and 432: I5«
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850 WANA very sense of being a "peo
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852 WAYTO for themselves a religion
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854 WAYTO mechanism around the Wayt
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856 WOLOF Murdock, George P. Africa
Page 441 and 442:
858 WOLOF one wife; it is generally
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860 WOLOF and so on—place themsel
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Y YAKAN The Yakan are one of the Mu
Page 448 and 449:
YAKAN 865 always belong to her. Inh
Page 450 and 451:
YALUNKA 867 Sporadic relations with
Page 452 and 453:
YALUNKA 869 of any size contains at
Page 454 and 455:
YAO 871 married matrilocally, the h
Page 456 and 457:
YORUBA 873 Recent interpretations o
Page 458 and 459:
YORUBA 875 favoring Islam. Further,
Page 460 and 461:
YORUK 877 (Izmir) provinces still c
Page 462:
YORUK 879 . The Yoruk of Southeaste
Page 465 and 466:
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Page 467 and 468:
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Page 471 and 472:
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Page 473 and 474:
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Page 479 and 480:
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Page 483 and 484:
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Page 485 and 486:
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Page 487 and 488:
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Page 489 and 490:
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Page 491 and 492:
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Page 493 and 494:
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Page 496 and 497:
APPENDIX 2. MUSLIMS AND THEIR ETHNI
Page 498 and 499:
Ethnic Group •Beri •Berti Besem
Page 500 and 501:
Ethnic Group •Fongoro Fra-Fra; se
Page 502 and 503:
Ethnic Group Kathmandu Valley (Sout
Page 504 and 505:
Ethnic Group •Masalat-Masalit Mas
Page 506 and 507:
Ethnic Group Plateau Chadic Pogoro
Page 508 and 509:
Ethnic Group •Sundanese "Susu"; s
Page 510:
Ethnic Group Zaghawa (Beri) Zaramo
Page 513 and 514:
Ethnic Group Hazaras Soninke Tamil
Page 515 and 516:
932 INDEX Ahmadiyas, xxxiv, 341, 49
Page 517 and 518:
934 Bedouin, 37-39 Bedras, 468 Beek
Page 519 and 520:
936 INDEX Cotabato, 462 Cousin, as
Page 521 and 522:
938 Fundamentalism, religious, xxxv
Page 523 and 524:
940 INDEX Indo-Mauritians, 341-343
Page 525 and 526:
942 INDEX Kinyaturu (language), 101
Page 527 and 528:
944 INDEX Mallam, mallamai, xxxi; a
Page 529 and 530:
946 INDEX Naming, importance of, 41
Page 531 and 532:
948 INDEX Qashqa'i, Khosrow Khan, 6
Page 533 and 534:
950 INDEX Shipbuilding, in south Su
Page 535 and 536:
952 INDEX Traores, 665 Tregami, 571
Page 537:
About the Editor RICHARD V. WEEKES
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