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564 NUBIANS . La Nubia Medioevale. Vols. 3^1. Cairo: Institut Franchise d'Archeologie Oriental, 1957. Nadel, Harold D., et al. Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of Sudan. The American University FAS, DA Pam 55-27. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973. Shinnie, P. L. "The Culture of Medieval Nubia and Its Impact on Africa." In Sudan in Africa, edited by Y. F. Hasan. Khartoum: Khartoum Sudan Research Unit, 1971. . Meroe. New York: Praeger, 1967. Stevenson, R. C. "Some Aspects of the Spread of Islam in the Nubia Mountains." In Islam in Tropical Africa, edited by I. M. Lewis. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Trigger, Bruce. History and Settlement in Lower Nubia. Publications in Anthropology, No. 69. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965. Trimingham, J. Spencer. The Influence of Islam Upon Africa. New York: Praeger, 1968. . Islam in the Sudan. London: Frank Cass, 1965. Wenzel, Marian. House Decoration in Nubia. London: Gerald Duckworth, 1972. Articles Adams, William Y. "J. L. Burckhardt, Ethnographer." Ethnohistory 20:3 (1973): 213- 227. Fahim, Hussein J. "Change in Religion in a Resettled Nubian Community, Upper Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 4:2 (1973): 163-177. Fernea, Robert A. "Nubian Migration: A Cultural Phenomenon." VII Congres international des sciences, anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Moscou 9 (1970): 236- 243. , and Kennedy, John G. "Initial Adaptations to Resettlement: A New Life for Egyptian Nubians." Current Anthropology 1 (1966): 349-354. Geiser, Peter. "Some Differential Factors Affecting Population Movement: The Nubian Case." Human Organization 26:4 (1967): 164-177. Kennedy, John G. "Aman Doger: Nubian Monster of the Nile." Journal of American Folklore 83:330 (1970): 438-445. . "Circumcision and Excision in Egyptian Nubia." Man 5:2 (1970): 175-191. . "Mushahra: A Nubian Concept of Supernatural Denger and Theory of Taboo." American Anthropologist 69:6 (1967): 685-702. . "Nubian zar Ceremonies as Psychotherapy." Human Organization 26:4 (1967): 185-194. Kronenberg, A., and Kronenberg, W. "Parallel Cousin Marriage in Medieval and Modem Nubia." Kush 13 (1965): 241-260. . "Preliminary Report on Anthropological Fieldwork in Sudanese Nubia, 1961- 1962." Kush 11 (1963): 302-311. . "Preliminary Report on Anthropological Fieldwork in Sudanese Nubia, 1962— 1963." Kush 12 (1965): 282-290. . "Preliminary Report on the Anthropological Fieldwork in Sudanese Nubia, 1964." Kush 13 (1965) 205-212. Lee, David R. "The Nubian House: Persistence of a Cultural Tradition." Landscape 18:1 (1969): 36-39. I*^.
NUPE 565 Musad, Mustafa M. "The Downfall of the Christian Nubian Kingdoms." Sudan Notes and Records 40 (1959): 124-128. . "Islam in Medieval Nubia." Nubie, Cahiers d'histoire egyptienne (Cairo) 10 (1967): 165-176. Rouchdy, Aleya. "Language in Contact—Arabic-Nubian." Anthropological Linguistics 22:8 (1980): 334-344. Spaulding, J. "Kora—A Theme in Nubian Cultural History." Africa Today 28:2 (1981): 61-68. Robert A. Fernea NUPE The Nupe people live along the banks of the rivers Niger and Kaduna in west-central Nigeria between Lokoja at the rivers' confluence and New Busa near the new Kainji Dam. The reorganization of states dating from 1975 left the Nupe the majority in Niger State, although the capital was located in Minna, traditionally a Gbari area. The Nupe living on the south bank of the Niger River are presently in Kwara State. The population of the Nupe is very tentatively estimated at half a million, a figure complicated by the confusion in previous ethnographies between those who speak Nupe as a first language and those who speak related but different languages yet find it convenient to speak Nupe as a lingua franca. Nupe is a Benue-Kwa language, related ultimately to Yoruba and Ibo but more closely to Ebira and Idoma, southwest of the main Nupe area. When they enter the record of oral history, the Nupe seem to have been divided into a number of riverine kingdoms, drawing their wealth from trade in fish and transit goods passing up and down the Niger. Seventeenth-century Yoruba traditions mention them as already a political force. They must have been well organized when the jihad of Uthman dan Fodio began to impinge on their frontiers in the second decade of the nineteenth century. Some traditions make the conversion of the rulers of Nupe occur in the late eighteenth century, and certainly, previous to the military conquest by the Fulani, their involvement with the longdistance trade would have meant contact with Muslims (see Fulani). The principal figure remembered in Nupe tradition as the purveyor of Islam is Mallam Dendo, an itinerant Fulani preacher and seller of charms who reached Nupeland around 1810. Mallam Dendo rapidly became a political figure of considerable importance and was intimately involved in the complex struggles that eventually wrested power from the Nupe rulers and placed it in the hands of the Fulani. A unified political capital was established for Nupe at Raba, and it was here that the first European travellers made contact with the Fulani rulers. Later in the century, the capital was moved to Bida, more central in Nupeland and, significantly, not on the river, reflecting a shift in economic base to grain growing and long-distance trade. Islam was an essentially urban phenomenon among the Nupe, where it was the religion of the traders and ruling classes. As Hausa, not Nupe, was the
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m^mt
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Muslim Peoples
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,*0W
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Partap C. Aggarwal SHRI RAM CENTER
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CONTRIBUTORS Vll Robert L. Hardgrav
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CONTRIBUTORS IX Abdi A. Sheik-Abdi
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Volume 1 CONTENTS Preface xix Intro
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CONTENTS xiii Fulani 257 Funj 261 F
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CONTENTS XV Mossi 546 Nogai 553 Nub
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CONTENTS XV11 Yoruba 872 Yoruk 876
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20° E 500 Km EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
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UJ o O jQ "" O CD £ _ Q o - O w C
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Muslim Peoples
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454 MABA the centuries have adopted
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456 MABA division of the village po
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458 MADURESE Works, John A. "Wither
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460 MADURESE she conducts the selam
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462 MAGUINDANAO leader. Medeldeling
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464 MAGUINDANAO warriors (see Sama)
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466 MAGUINDANAO which in recent yea
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468 MAHARASHTRIANS from north India
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470 MAKASSARESE bration of marriage
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472 MALAYO-POLYNESIAN-SPEAKING PEOP
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478 MALAYS century, and even into t
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480 MALAYS . The Malays: Their Prob
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482 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES used w
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484 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES Mali p
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486 MANDINKA Article Dieterlen, G.
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488 MANDINKA over social and religi
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490 MANDINKA for their abilities to
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492 MAPPILLA In Conflict and Harmon
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494 MAPPILLA The mosques of Kerala
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496 MARANAO pinos and foreign colon
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498 MARANAO returned to teach in lo
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500 MASALIT The Masalit, and a grou
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502 MASALIT wife's mother still exp
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504 MEIDOB Kapteijns, L. "The Emerg
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506 MEIDOB time, when political and
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508 MELANAU Articles Lampen, G. D.
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510 MELANAU category of his father.
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512 MELANAU officers and religious
Page 96 and 97: 514 MENDE of peak labor input by co
Page 98 and 99: 516 MENDE BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Abraha
Page 100 and 101: 518 MEOS ancient raga traditions of
Page 102 and 103: 520 MEOS Muslim manner, but most of
Page 104 and 105: 522 MIMA-MIMI Historians have not i
Page 106 and 107: 524 MINANGKABAU important character
Page 108 and 109: 526 MINANGKABAU return, they are tr
Page 110 and 111: 528 MOGHOLS . "Some Notes on the Ta
Page 112 and 113: 530 MOGHOLS of their neighbors to t
Page 114 and 115: 532 MOLBOG water." Tradition says t
Page 116 and 117: 534 MOLBOG builds its own house, us
Page 118 and 119: 536 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES A
Page 120 and 121: 538 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES c
Page 122 and 123: 540 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES S
Page 124 and 125: 542 States: Dagomba Books MOLE-DAGB
Page 126 and 127: 544 MOORS . "Migration and Tribal I
Page 128 and 129: 546 MOSSI similar characteristics.
Page 130 and 131: 548 MOSSI is red with laterite. Dai
Page 132 and 133: 550 MOSSI exposes individuals to th
Page 134 and 135: 552 MOSSI Tarr, Delbert Howard. "In
Page 136 and 137: 554 NUBA Islam came to the Nogai Ho
Page 138 and 139: 556 NUBA had distinct political dev
Page 140 and 141: 558 NUBA the kujur, who were often
Page 142 and 143: 560 NUBIANS Historically, the Nubia
Page 144 and 145: 562 NUBIANS pronounced in this area
Page 148 and 149: 566 NUPE language of these classes,
Page 150 and 151: 568 NUPE from this era as well. Cer
Page 152 and 153: 570 NURISTANIS "Land of Infidels,"
Page 154 and 155: 572 NURISTANIS symbolized in instit
Page 156 and 157: 574 NYAMWEZI to a Communist Afghani
Page 158 and 159: 576 NYAMWEZI ucation which requires
Page 160 and 161: 578 NYANKOLE Finucane, J. R. Rural
Page 162 and 163: 580 NYANKOLE government service tha
Page 164 and 165: 582 NYANKOLE Ganda). These factions
Page 166 and 167: 584 OGAN-BESEMAH Present provincial
Page 168 and 169: 586 ORISSANS is an occasion for the
Page 170 and 171: 588 ORISSANS feeding is not possibl
Page 172 and 173: 590 OROMO ship among girls is commo
Page 174 and 175: 592 OROMO educated Oromo. It is iro
Page 176 and 177: 594 OROMO Although there are so man
Page 178 and 179: 596 OSSETIANS Hultin, J. "Social St
Page 180 and 181: 598 OSSETIANS such as the transfer
Page 182 and 183: PASHAI 601 temporary Pashai mountai
Page 184 and 185: PASHAI 603 at present modern small
Page 186 and 187: *X?ri PERSIANS 605 Iran and Afghani
Page 188 and 189: *J&r* PERSIANS 607 urban social sys
Page 190 and 191: K&r • PERSIANS 609 trend among th
Page 192 and 193: PERSIANS 611 Coon, Carleton S. Cara
Page 194 and 195: *3Zr^ POMAKS 613 forced to convert
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POMAKS 615 closing the the Greek bo
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i-V i-_ T~- £ V. ~£„ i^ftrr* PU
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PUNJABIS 619 village may be dominat
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PUNJABIS 621 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ahm
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PUSHTUN 623 or herdsmen. They raise
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PUSHTUN 625 Idle young men in villa
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~ftrrr=^-r^j- PUSHTUN 627 of 1979 a
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PUSHTUN 629 Howell, Evelyn. Mizh: A
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*?r- Q QASHQA'I The Qashqa'i, one o
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*/" QASHQA'I 633 alism and urban wa
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^r- QASHQA'I 635 Shiraz to make or
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^M" QIZILBASH 637 Duncan, David Dou
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QIZILBASH 639 Afghan Khorasan and B
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QIZILBASH 641 constantly felt waves
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R RESHAWA They call themselves Resh
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RESHAWA 645 refrains from praying a
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s SADAMA The Ethiopian people who r
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SADAMA 649 be chronologically old,
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gjv 1 SADAMA 651 minor spirit being
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SALARS 653 by Mahmud al Kashgari an
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SAMA 655 derive from a migration in
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SAMA 657 munities may contain two o
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SANGIL 659 Pallesen, Kemp. "Recipro
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JJE^l SASAK 661 occupation. In the
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SASAK 663 The religious organizatio
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SENUFO 665 cifically applied to the
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SENUFO 667 some of the reasons stat
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SERER 669 the most vigorously. Both
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SHAHSEVAN 671 sevan differ from oth
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SHAHSEVAN 673 The Iranian New Year
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SHANGAWA 675 sixteenth century a Mo
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SHANGAWA 677 A corpse is buried wit
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- J»_-y jr.^y -7 v> SHINA-SPEAKING
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• *•-- *„- ;—-TV.. SHINA-SP
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SHINA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 683 about th
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SINDHIS 685 Approximately 93 percen
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SINDHIS 687 for the family's affair
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SINDHIS 689 Crops grown include whe
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SINYAR 691 the east by the Fur and
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SINYAR 693 Masalit Native Administr
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SOGA 695 Articles Doornbos, Paul. "
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SOGA 697 administration but also in
Page 280 and 281:
SOMALIS 699 activities produce meag
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SOMALIS 701 conflict. Two cases in
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SOMALIS 703 Success," a philosophic
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SONGHAY 705 Luling, Virginia. "Soma
Page 288 and 289:
SONGHAY 707 communities of Songhay
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SONINKE 709 such sites, drawing the
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SONINKE 711 cleric is elected for l
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soso 713 of Soso settlements came t
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soso 715 future husband gives prese
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^i soso 717 In the more orthodox se
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SOUTH AFRICANS 719 terms designed t
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SOUTH AFRICANS 721 eroded, partly b
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SRI LANKANS 723 Desai, B., and Marn
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SRI LANKANS 725 There is considerab
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SUNDANESE 727 order, also do, but s
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SUNDANESE 729 the defeat of the Sum
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yp> SUNDANESE 731 BIBLIOGRAPHY Book
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SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
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SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
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SWAHILI 735 public, worn over eithe
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SWAHILI 737 Lienhardt, Peter. "Cont
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w T TAJIK The Tajik of Central Asia
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^^ TAJIK 741 creep up the walls unt
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TAJIK 743 mothers are walking encyc
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 745 Slobin, M
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 747 Masalit b
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wr TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 749 of Tam
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W" TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 751 centur
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 753 Shali and
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TAQALI 755 Small villages dot the p
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TAQALI 757 Both men and women farm,
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TATARS 759 called themselves Turks,
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TATARS 761 substantial private prop
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TATARS 763 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Allwo
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TAUSUG 765 contain Islam in the sou
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TAUSUG 767 they may reside with the
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TAUSUG 769 (and Samal) society. Man
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TEBU 771 therefore, the people of T
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TEBU 773 basic difference in social
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TEMNE 775 kola, enter the market as
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TEMNE 777 schools. In general the i
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TERNATAN-TIDORESE 779 Gamble, David
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TERNATAN-TIDORESE 781 system of ann
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w* THAIS 783 of having a great deal
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THAIS 785 property indefinitely. Th
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THAIS 787 Pattani. All stress the g
Page 372 and 373:
TOMINI 789 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bauer
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V" TOMINI 791 shift from matrilater
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TUKULOR 793 ernment cooperatives fo
Page 378 and 379:
TUKULOR 795 The middle class, rimbe
Page 380 and 381:
TUNJUR 797 leaves open the question
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 799 both in
Page 384 and 385:
TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 801 In the
Page 386 and 387:
TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 803 main la
Page 388 and 389:
TURKMEN 805 An alternative spelling
Page 390 and 391:
TURKMEN 807 lived only in tents and
Page 392 and 393:
TURKMEN 809 Nurture? AAAS Selected
Page 394 and 395:
TURKS, ANATOLIAN 811 veloped, and f
Page 396 and 397:
("^ TURKS, ANATOLIAN 813 Enthusiasm
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 815 depended on th
Page 400 and 401:
TURKS, ANATOLIAN 817 , and Tumertek
Page 402 and 403:
TURKS, RUMELIAN 819 Contact on Trad
Page 404 and 405:
TURKS, RUMELIAN 821 territories, fo
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u URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES The Urdu-sp
Page 408 and 409:
URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 825 gamous (a
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V" URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 827 are kn
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URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 829 and Socia
Page 414 and 415:
UYGUR 831 on either side of the Bog
Page 416 and 417:
UZBEK 833 Pickens, Claude L., Jr. A
Page 418 and 419:
UZBEK 835 a modernization program w
Page 420 and 421:
UZBEK 837 In pre-revolutionary Tran
Page 422 and 423:
UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 839 Uzbek commu
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UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 841 frame. Felt
Page 426:
UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 843 Schurmann,
Page 429 and 430:
846 VAI activities. Chattel slaves
Page 431 and 432:
I5«
Page 433 and 434:
850 WANA very sense of being a "peo
Page 435 and 436:
852 WAYTO for themselves a religion
Page 437 and 438:
854 WAYTO mechanism around the Wayt
Page 439 and 440:
856 WOLOF Murdock, George P. Africa
Page 441 and 442:
858 WOLOF one wife; it is generally
Page 443 and 444:
860 WOLOF and so on—place themsel
Page 446 and 447:
Y YAKAN The Yakan are one of the Mu
Page 448 and 449:
YAKAN 865 always belong to her. Inh
Page 450 and 451:
YALUNKA 867 Sporadic relations with
Page 452 and 453:
YALUNKA 869 of any size contains at
Page 454 and 455:
YAO 871 married matrilocally, the h
Page 456 and 457:
YORUBA 873 Recent interpretations o
Page 458 and 459:
YORUBA 875 favoring Islam. Further,
Page 460 and 461:
YORUK 877 (Izmir) provinces still c
Page 462:
YORUK 879 . The Yoruk of Southeaste
Page 465 and 466:
1 9 1 hJ s ^H ^•ff § £ K7^ ^P O
Page 467 and 468:
H I a. Ss •S 1 6, e w 3 3 = £ c
Page 469 and 470:
33 z u •2 -2 I 1 S 3 Ji a. HI 111
Page 471 and 472:
n Z gl. r £ u O "3 x a s a o a. E.
Page 473 and 474:
z .5 2 1 a s o W s s .2 -2 I i 5
Page 475 and 476:
3 2 >> 2 a 8- O a II 11 3"3 ! § §
Page 477 and 478:
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Page 479 and 480:
a #o a Z a 1 ca ft, o 5 w c 6 •I
Page 481 and 482:
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Page 483 and 484:
o w .2 -2 I i 5 -1 - i3 C3 I if 5
Page 485 and 486:
a — ca Z £ 2 >. 1 ft. o >> s o '
Page 487 and 488:
ca z 1 2 I 2 o X a s X U4 * 3 CN ON
Page 489 and 490:
I 1 ca ft. u O "3 X o fad s s •2
Page 491 and 492:
a Z s 2 >. 2 & a 3 O Lo fad 5 -S *
Page 493 and 494:
a z J a 2 1 ft. a s o u U fad J -S
Page 496 and 497:
APPENDIX 2. MUSLIMS AND THEIR ETHNI
Page 498 and 499:
Ethnic Group •Beri •Berti Besem
Page 500 and 501:
Ethnic Group •Fongoro Fra-Fra; se
Page 502 and 503:
Ethnic Group Kathmandu Valley (Sout
Page 504 and 505:
Ethnic Group •Masalat-Masalit Mas
Page 506 and 507:
Ethnic Group Plateau Chadic Pogoro
Page 508 and 509:
Ethnic Group •Sundanese "Susu"; s
Page 510:
Ethnic Group Zaghawa (Beri) Zaramo
Page 513 and 514:
Ethnic Group Hazaras Soninke Tamil
Page 515 and 516:
932 INDEX Ahmadiyas, xxxiv, 341, 49
Page 517 and 518:
934 Bedouin, 37-39 Bedras, 468 Beek
Page 519 and 520:
936 INDEX Cotabato, 462 Cousin, as
Page 521 and 522:
938 Fundamentalism, religious, xxxv
Page 523 and 524:
940 INDEX Indo-Mauritians, 341-343
Page 525 and 526:
942 INDEX Kinyaturu (language), 101
Page 527 and 528:
944 INDEX Mallam, mallamai, xxxi; a
Page 529 and 530:
946 INDEX Naming, importance of, 41
Page 531 and 532:
948 INDEX Qashqa'i, Khosrow Khan, 6
Page 533 and 534:
950 INDEX Shipbuilding, in south Su
Page 535 and 536:
952 INDEX Traores, 665 Tregami, 571
Page 537:
About the Editor RICHARD V. WEEKES
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