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PUNJABIS 621 BIBLIOGRAPHY <strong>Books</strong> Ahmad, Makhdum Tassaduq. Systems of Social Stratification in India and Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan: Punjab University Press, 1972. Ahmad, Saghir. Class and Power in a Punjabi Village. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977. . "Social Classes in a Punjabi Village." In Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims of India, edited by Imtiaz Ahmad. Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1973. . "A Village in Pakistani Punjab: Jalpana." In South Asia: Seven Community Profiles, edited by Clarence Mahoney. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974. Critchfield, Richard. The Golden Bowl Be Broken: Peasant Life in Four Cultures. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973. Darling, Malcolm L. The Punjab Peasant in Prosperity and Debt. London: Oxford University Press, 1946. Eglar, Zekiya. A Punjabi Village in Pakistan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960. Pastner, S., and Flomm, L., eds. Current Anthropology in Pakistan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982. Raza, Muhammad Rafique. Two Pakistani Villages: A Study in Social Stratification. Lahore, Pakistan: Punjab University Press, 1969. Waheed, Zuhra. Contacts Between Villages and Public Officials in Three Villages of Lyallpur Tehsil. Lahore, Pakistan: Pakistan Administrative Staff College, 1964. Weekes, Richard V. Birth and Growth of a Muslim Nation. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1964. Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid. The Jats of Pakistan. Berlin: Drucker and Humbolt, 1964. Articles Ahmad, Imtiaz. "Social Stratification Among Muslims of Pakistan." Economic Weekly 10 (1965): 1093-1096. Alavi, Hamza. "The Politics of Dependence: A Village in West Punjab." South Asian Review 4:2 (1971): 11-28. Eaton, Richard M. "The Profile of Popular Islam in the Pakistani Punjab." Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 2:1 (1978): 74-91. Leaf, Murray J. "The Punjabi Kinship Terminology as a Semantic System." American Anthropologist 73:3 (1971): 545-554. Shackle, C. "Punjabi in Lahore." Modern Asian Studies 4:3 (1970): 239-268. Unpublished Manuscripts Chaudhri, J.J.M. "A Typical Support Structure of Leadership in Punjab: The Faction." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1968.
622 PUSHTUN Izmirlian, Harry. "Caste, Kin and Politics in a Punjab Village." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1964. Tahir Ali Richard V. Weekes PUSHTUN Before the Soviet invasion of 1979, about 15 million Pushtun lived almost equally divided between Afghanistan and Pakistan. To most Pushtun tribesmen and their neighbors, Pushtun and Afghan are virtually synonymous and refer to the entire body of Pashto speakers on both sides of the Durand Line of 1893, one of those legacies of European imperialism which clutter the political landscape in Africa and Asia. These boundaries often threaten regional peace. Pushtun are also called Pukhtun and, especially in Pakistan, India and Great Britain, Pathans, a Hindustani bastardization. Pashto, an Indo-lranian language of the great Indo-European family, has several mutually intelligible dialects. Depending on the linguistic authority consulted, Pashto has from two to four dialects, but all agree on the basic "soft" Pashtu of the Kandahar (Afghanistan) area and the harsher Pakhtu variant of Peshawar and the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Pashto differs from neighboring Farsi (or Persian) in that nouns have gender and a complicated twocase, two-number declension system. To be a "true" or "pure" Pushtun, a man's father and mother must both be native Pashto speakers. Physically, the Pushtun are basically a Mediterranean type. Compared to most of their neighbors, the Pushtun are tall. Pushtun men wear distinctive turban caps and often tie the turban cloth in a special way to indicate tribal identity. Usually they wear long cotton or light woolen shirts (pyran) buttoned at one shoulder which hang outside baggy trousers (yizar or tombon). Over the shirt is a sleeveless, embroidered vest. In zones of relative inaccessibility, rifles, pistols, knives or other assorted weaponry are considered essential items of dress. Village and nomad women wear head shawls (chadar), seldom the chadry or burqa (head-to-toe sack-like garment), which is basically an urban manifestation. Such a veil would hinder rural women from working in the fields or tending flocks. Women wear basically the same clothing as men, but of more colorful material. Nomadic women ride camels and horses dressed in their best clothing and often sew coins into their garments. So laden, they become travelling banks. Woman stealing, a not uncommon practice, has both monetary and sexual objectives. All Pushtun (except the Turi of Kurram, Pakistan, who are Imami Shia) are Hanafi Sunni Muslims. Many pre-Islamic localized beliefs and customs permeate the religious scene. Shrines of saints abound. The chief religious leaders, the mullahs, are found throughout the society, performing traditional rites at lifecycle ceremonies and festivals. Occasionally, they assert considerable political influence. The Pushtun are basically farmers of both irrigated and unirrigated farmland
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m^mt
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Muslim Peoples
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,*0W
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Partap C. Aggarwal SHRI RAM CENTER
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CONTRIBUTORS Vll Robert L. Hardgrav
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CONTRIBUTORS IX Abdi A. Sheik-Abdi
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Volume 1 CONTENTS Preface xix Intro
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CONTENTS xiii Fulani 257 Funj 261 F
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CONTENTS XV Mossi 546 Nogai 553 Nub
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CONTENTS XV11 Yoruba 872 Yoruk 876
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20° E 500 Km EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
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UJ o O jQ "" O CD £ _ Q o - O w C
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Muslim Peoples
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454 MABA the centuries have adopted
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456 MABA division of the village po
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458 MADURESE Works, John A. "Wither
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460 MADURESE she conducts the selam
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462 MAGUINDANAO leader. Medeldeling
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464 MAGUINDANAO warriors (see Sama)
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466 MAGUINDANAO which in recent yea
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468 MAHARASHTRIANS from north India
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470 MAKASSARESE bration of marriage
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472 MALAYO-POLYNESIAN-SPEAKING PEOP
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478 MALAYS century, and even into t
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480 MALAYS . The Malays: Their Prob
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482 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES used w
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484 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES Mali p
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486 MANDINKA Article Dieterlen, G.
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488 MANDINKA over social and religi
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490 MANDINKA for their abilities to
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492 MAPPILLA In Conflict and Harmon
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494 MAPPILLA The mosques of Kerala
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496 MARANAO pinos and foreign colon
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498 MARANAO returned to teach in lo
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500 MASALIT The Masalit, and a grou
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502 MASALIT wife's mother still exp
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504 MEIDOB Kapteijns, L. "The Emerg
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506 MEIDOB time, when political and
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508 MELANAU Articles Lampen, G. D.
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510 MELANAU category of his father.
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512 MELANAU officers and religious
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514 MENDE of peak labor input by co
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516 MENDE BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Abraha
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518 MEOS ancient raga traditions of
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520 MEOS Muslim manner, but most of
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522 MIMA-MIMI Historians have not i
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524 MINANGKABAU important character
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526 MINANGKABAU return, they are tr
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528 MOGHOLS . "Some Notes on the Ta
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530 MOGHOLS of their neighbors to t
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532 MOLBOG water." Tradition says t
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534 MOLBOG builds its own house, us
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536 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES A
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538 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES c
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540 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES S
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542 States: Dagomba Books MOLE-DAGB
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544 MOORS . "Migration and Tribal I
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546 MOSSI similar characteristics.
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548 MOSSI is red with laterite. Dai
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550 MOSSI exposes individuals to th
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552 MOSSI Tarr, Delbert Howard. "In
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554 NUBA Islam came to the Nogai Ho
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556 NUBA had distinct political dev
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558 NUBA the kujur, who were often
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560 NUBIANS Historically, the Nubia
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562 NUBIANS pronounced in this area
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564 NUBIANS . La Nubia Medioevale.
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566 NUPE language of these classes,
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568 NUPE from this era as well. Cer
Page 152 and 153: 570 NURISTANIS "Land of Infidels,"
Page 154 and 155: 572 NURISTANIS symbolized in instit
Page 156 and 157: 574 NYAMWEZI to a Communist Afghani
Page 158 and 159: 576 NYAMWEZI ucation which requires
Page 160 and 161: 578 NYANKOLE Finucane, J. R. Rural
Page 162 and 163: 580 NYANKOLE government service tha
Page 164 and 165: 582 NYANKOLE Ganda). These factions
Page 166 and 167: 584 OGAN-BESEMAH Present provincial
Page 168 and 169: 586 ORISSANS is an occasion for the
Page 170 and 171: 588 ORISSANS feeding is not possibl
Page 172 and 173: 590 OROMO ship among girls is commo
Page 174 and 175: 592 OROMO educated Oromo. It is iro
Page 176 and 177: 594 OROMO Although there are so man
Page 178 and 179: 596 OSSETIANS Hultin, J. "Social St
Page 180 and 181: 598 OSSETIANS such as the transfer
Page 182 and 183: PASHAI 601 temporary Pashai mountai
Page 184 and 185: PASHAI 603 at present modern small
Page 186 and 187: *X?ri PERSIANS 605 Iran and Afghani
Page 188 and 189: *J&r* PERSIANS 607 urban social sys
Page 190 and 191: K&r • PERSIANS 609 trend among th
Page 192 and 193: PERSIANS 611 Coon, Carleton S. Cara
Page 194 and 195: *3Zr^ POMAKS 613 forced to convert
Page 196 and 197: POMAKS 615 closing the the Greek bo
Page 198 and 199: i-V i-_ T~- £ V. ~£„ i^ftrr* PU
Page 200 and 201: PUNJABIS 619 village may be dominat
Page 204 and 205: PUSHTUN 623 or herdsmen. They raise
Page 206 and 207: PUSHTUN 625 Idle young men in villa
Page 208 and 209: ~ftrrr=^-r^j- PUSHTUN 627 of 1979 a
Page 210 and 211: PUSHTUN 629 Howell, Evelyn. Mizh: A
Page 212 and 213: *?r- Q QASHQA'I The Qashqa'i, one o
Page 214 and 215: */" QASHQA'I 633 alism and urban wa
Page 216 and 217: ^r- QASHQA'I 635 Shiraz to make or
Page 218 and 219: ^M" QIZILBASH 637 Duncan, David Dou
Page 220 and 221: QIZILBASH 639 Afghan Khorasan and B
Page 222 and 223: QIZILBASH 641 constantly felt waves
Page 224 and 225: R RESHAWA They call themselves Resh
Page 226 and 227: RESHAWA 645 refrains from praying a
Page 228 and 229: s SADAMA The Ethiopian people who r
Page 230 and 231: SADAMA 649 be chronologically old,
Page 232 and 233: gjv 1 SADAMA 651 minor spirit being
Page 234 and 235: SALARS 653 by Mahmud al Kashgari an
Page 236 and 237: SAMA 655 derive from a migration in
Page 238 and 239: SAMA 657 munities may contain two o
Page 240 and 241: SANGIL 659 Pallesen, Kemp. "Recipro
Page 242 and 243: JJE^l SASAK 661 occupation. In the
Page 244 and 245: SASAK 663 The religious organizatio
Page 246 and 247: SENUFO 665 cifically applied to the
Page 248 and 249: SENUFO 667 some of the reasons stat
Page 250 and 251: SERER 669 the most vigorously. Both
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SHAHSEVAN 671 sevan differ from oth
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SHAHSEVAN 673 The Iranian New Year
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SHANGAWA 675 sixteenth century a Mo
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SHANGAWA 677 A corpse is buried wit
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- J»_-y jr.^y -7 v> SHINA-SPEAKING
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• *•-- *„- ;—-TV.. SHINA-SP
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SHINA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 683 about th
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SINDHIS 685 Approximately 93 percen
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SINDHIS 687 for the family's affair
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SINDHIS 689 Crops grown include whe
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SINYAR 691 the east by the Fur and
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SINYAR 693 Masalit Native Administr
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SOGA 695 Articles Doornbos, Paul. "
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SOGA 697 administration but also in
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SOMALIS 699 activities produce meag
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SOMALIS 701 conflict. Two cases in
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SOMALIS 703 Success," a philosophic
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SONGHAY 705 Luling, Virginia. "Soma
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SONGHAY 707 communities of Songhay
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SONINKE 709 such sites, drawing the
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SONINKE 711 cleric is elected for l
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soso 713 of Soso settlements came t
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soso 715 future husband gives prese
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^i soso 717 In the more orthodox se
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SOUTH AFRICANS 719 terms designed t
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SOUTH AFRICANS 721 eroded, partly b
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SRI LANKANS 723 Desai, B., and Marn
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SRI LANKANS 725 There is considerab
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SUNDANESE 727 order, also do, but s
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SUNDANESE 729 the defeat of the Sum
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yp> SUNDANESE 731 BIBLIOGRAPHY Book
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SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
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SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
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SWAHILI 735 public, worn over eithe
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SWAHILI 737 Lienhardt, Peter. "Cont
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w T TAJIK The Tajik of Central Asia
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^^ TAJIK 741 creep up the walls unt
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TAJIK 743 mothers are walking encyc
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 745 Slobin, M
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 747 Masalit b
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wr TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 749 of Tam
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W" TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 751 centur
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 753 Shali and
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TAQALI 755 Small villages dot the p
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TAQALI 757 Both men and women farm,
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TATARS 759 called themselves Turks,
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TATARS 761 substantial private prop
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TATARS 763 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Allwo
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TAUSUG 765 contain Islam in the sou
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TAUSUG 767 they may reside with the
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TAUSUG 769 (and Samal) society. Man
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TEBU 771 therefore, the people of T
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TEBU 773 basic difference in social
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TEMNE 775 kola, enter the market as
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TEMNE 777 schools. In general the i
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TERNATAN-TIDORESE 779 Gamble, David
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TERNATAN-TIDORESE 781 system of ann
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w* THAIS 783 of having a great deal
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THAIS 785 property indefinitely. Th
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THAIS 787 Pattani. All stress the g
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TOMINI 789 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bauer
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V" TOMINI 791 shift from matrilater
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TUKULOR 793 ernment cooperatives fo
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TUKULOR 795 The middle class, rimbe
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TUNJUR 797 leaves open the question
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 799 both in
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 801 In the
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 803 main la
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TURKMEN 805 An alternative spelling
Page 390 and 391:
TURKMEN 807 lived only in tents and
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TURKMEN 809 Nurture? AAAS Selected
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 811 veloped, and f
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("^ TURKS, ANATOLIAN 813 Enthusiasm
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 815 depended on th
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 817 , and Tumertek
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TURKS, RUMELIAN 819 Contact on Trad
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TURKS, RUMELIAN 821 territories, fo
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u URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES The Urdu-sp
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URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 825 gamous (a
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V" URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 827 are kn
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URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 829 and Socia
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UYGUR 831 on either side of the Bog
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UZBEK 833 Pickens, Claude L., Jr. A
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UZBEK 835 a modernization program w
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UZBEK 837 In pre-revolutionary Tran
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UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 839 Uzbek commu
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UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 841 frame. Felt
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UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 843 Schurmann,
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846 VAI activities. Chattel slaves
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I5«
Page 433 and 434:
850 WANA very sense of being a "peo
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852 WAYTO for themselves a religion
Page 437 and 438:
854 WAYTO mechanism around the Wayt
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856 WOLOF Murdock, George P. Africa
Page 441 and 442:
858 WOLOF one wife; it is generally
Page 443 and 444:
860 WOLOF and so on—place themsel
Page 446 and 447:
Y YAKAN The Yakan are one of the Mu
Page 448 and 449:
YAKAN 865 always belong to her. Inh
Page 450 and 451:
YALUNKA 867 Sporadic relations with
Page 452 and 453:
YALUNKA 869 of any size contains at
Page 454 and 455:
YAO 871 married matrilocally, the h
Page 456 and 457:
YORUBA 873 Recent interpretations o
Page 458 and 459:
YORUBA 875 favoring Islam. Further,
Page 460 and 461:
YORUK 877 (Izmir) provinces still c
Page 462:
YORUK 879 . The Yoruk of Southeaste
Page 465 and 466:
1 9 1 hJ s ^H ^•ff § £ K7^ ^P O
Page 467 and 468:
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Page 469 and 470:
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Page 471 and 472:
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Page 473 and 474:
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Page 477 and 478:
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Page 479 and 480:
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Page 481 and 482:
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Page 483 and 484:
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Page 485 and 486:
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Page 487 and 488:
ca z 1 2 I 2 o X a s X U4 * 3 CN ON
Page 489 and 490:
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Page 491 and 492:
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Page 493 and 494:
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Page 496 and 497:
APPENDIX 2. MUSLIMS AND THEIR ETHNI
Page 498 and 499:
Ethnic Group •Beri •Berti Besem
Page 500 and 501:
Ethnic Group •Fongoro Fra-Fra; se
Page 502 and 503:
Ethnic Group Kathmandu Valley (Sout
Page 504 and 505:
Ethnic Group •Masalat-Masalit Mas
Page 506 and 507:
Ethnic Group Plateau Chadic Pogoro
Page 508 and 509:
Ethnic Group •Sundanese "Susu"; s
Page 510:
Ethnic Group Zaghawa (Beri) Zaramo
Page 513 and 514:
Ethnic Group Hazaras Soninke Tamil
Page 515 and 516:
932 INDEX Ahmadiyas, xxxiv, 341, 49
Page 517 and 518:
934 Bedouin, 37-39 Bedras, 468 Beek
Page 519 and 520:
936 INDEX Cotabato, 462 Cousin, as
Page 521 and 522:
938 Fundamentalism, religious, xxxv
Page 523 and 524:
940 INDEX Indo-Mauritians, 341-343
Page 525 and 526:
942 INDEX Kinyaturu (language), 101
Page 527 and 528:
944 INDEX Mallam, mallamai, xxxi; a
Page 529 and 530:
946 INDEX Naming, importance of, 41
Page 531 and 532:
948 INDEX Qashqa'i, Khosrow Khan, 6
Page 533 and 534:
950 INDEX Shipbuilding, in south Su
Page 535 and 536:
952 INDEX Traores, 665 Tregami, 571
Page 537:
About the Editor RICHARD V. WEEKES
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