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SINDHIS 689 Crops grown include wheat, rice, millet, cotton, rape and mustard seeds, sugar cane and fruits, of which the most prized are mangoes in many different varieties. Livestock farming—the grazing of sheep and goats and camel breeding—is also a significant occupation in the rural areas, particularly in the eastern and western border areas of the province. Fishing, too, is a noteworthy occupation, inland as well as in the coastal areas. The huge size of the Karachi metropolis, which helps to make Sind Pakistan's most urbanized province (over 43 percent of the population of Sind reside in urban areas), belies the fact that the major economic activity in the province is agriculture. Next to the Punjab, Sind produces most of the country's food grains, which go to help the deficit provinces of Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier. Also Karachi, as the country's leading commercial and industrial center, places Sind in a dominant position in the country's non-agricultural sector as well. The majority of Sindhi Muslims are Sunni and subscribe to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence. This is despite the fact that for centuries Sind has been exposed to, and its inhabitants have become followers of, other Islamic sects and Sufi orders. At one time the Shia sect of Ismailis held sway over Sind (A.D. 900- 1200), and following their political eclipse, various Sufi orders made inroads through missionary activities. The Suhrawardi, the Qadiri and the Naqshbandi reached their apex in Sind in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but their influence survives today, particularly that of the Suhrawardi in the veneration of Lai Shabaz Qalander of Sehwan, one of the most revered saints of Sind today, and of the Qadiri, to whom the influential Lakiari and Matiari Sayyids pay great respect. Prior to 1947, when many Hindus lived in Sind, there was considerable syncretization. For instance, it was not uncommon for Hindus and Muslims to venerate the same saint, the most prominent example being the patron saint of the Indus River, known as Khwajah Khidr or Shaikh Tahir to the Muslims and Shah Darya or Uderolal to the Hindus. The veneration of Muslims of Sind for their pirs and saints with all the attending rituals may be taken to be a result of Hindu influence. The practice of saint worship or piri-muridi persists today with considerable vitality in the rural areas. Probably the best-known living pir today is the Pir Pagaro (Pir of the Turban), who is a leading politician with a large following. Major festivals in Sind center on three men, the occasion being the death anniversary (urs) of each. They are Lai Shahbaz Qalander, a religious mystic of the thirteenth century, Shah Abdul Latif and Sachal Sarmast, both literary men of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, respectively. Of the three, Latif is probably the most eminent, as his popular book of mystical poetry, Shah Jo Risalo, is known and recited by many Sindhis. The urs of these are celebrated in the towns where each is buried, and the occasions are marked by much festivity, singing, dancing and reading of poetry. As most Sindhi Muslims are orthodox Sunnis, they derive their life values from the Quran and the sunna. Thus they endeavor to perform faithfully the five
690 SINYAR main practices incumbent upon all good Muslims. Likewise they follow the Quran and the sunna in what those two authorities identify as practice that is optional, allowed and banned. Perhaps the practice that deviates the most from orthodox Islam and is the most widespread is that of piri-muridi. BIBLIOGRAPHY <strong>Books</strong> Abdullah, Ahmned. The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its Peoples. Karachi: Tanzeem, 1973. Ahmed, Manzooruddin, ed. Contemporary Pakistan. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1980. Burton, Richard F. Sindh and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus. Reprint ed. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1973. Gulraj, Jethmal Parsram. Sind and Its Sufis. Madras: Theosophical Publishing House, 1924. Khan, Ansar Zahid. History and Culture of Sind. Karachi: Royal Book, 1980. Lambrick, H. T. Sind: A General Introduction. Hyderabad, Pakistan: Sind Adabi Board, 1964. . The Terrorist. London: Ernest Benn, 1972. Nyrop, Richard R., ed. Area Handbook for Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975. Pakistan, Government of. Census Bulletin 1: Housing and Population Census of Pakistan 1980-81. Islamabad: Population Census Organization, 1982. Pithawalla, Maneck B. An Introduction to Sind: Its Wealth and Welfare. Karachi: Sind Observer Press, 1951. Sorley H. T. West Pakistan Gazeteer: Sind Region. Karachi: Government Printing Press, 1959. Weekes, Richard V. Pakistan: Birth and Growth of a Muslim Nation. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1964. Article Channa, Karim Buksh A. "A Brief Survey of Sindhi Language and Literature." Sind Quarterly 5:1 (1977): 34-55. Unpublished Manuscript Jones, Allen K. "Muslim Politics and the Growth of the Muslim League in Sind, 1935- 41." Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, 1977. Allen K. Jones SINYAR The Sinyar of Chad and Sudan live along the lower reaches and confluence of three seasonal rivers: the Wadi Azum, Wadi Kaja and Wadi Salih. They are bounded to the north by the Masalit, to the west by the Daju-Sila, to
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m^mt
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Muslim Peoples
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,*0W
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Partap C. Aggarwal SHRI RAM CENTER
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CONTRIBUTORS Vll Robert L. Hardgrav
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CONTRIBUTORS IX Abdi A. Sheik-Abdi
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Volume 1 CONTENTS Preface xix Intro
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CONTENTS xiii Fulani 257 Funj 261 F
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CONTENTS XV Mossi 546 Nogai 553 Nub
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CONTENTS XV11 Yoruba 872 Yoruk 876
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20° E 500 Km EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
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UJ o O jQ "" O CD £ _ Q o - O w C
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Muslim Peoples
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454 MABA the centuries have adopted
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456 MABA division of the village po
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458 MADURESE Works, John A. "Wither
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460 MADURESE she conducts the selam
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462 MAGUINDANAO leader. Medeldeling
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464 MAGUINDANAO warriors (see Sama)
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466 MAGUINDANAO which in recent yea
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468 MAHARASHTRIANS from north India
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470 MAKASSARESE bration of marriage
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472 MALAYO-POLYNESIAN-SPEAKING PEOP
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478 MALAYS century, and even into t
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480 MALAYS . The Malays: Their Prob
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482 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES used w
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484 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES Mali p
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486 MANDINKA Article Dieterlen, G.
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488 MANDINKA over social and religi
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490 MANDINKA for their abilities to
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492 MAPPILLA In Conflict and Harmon
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494 MAPPILLA The mosques of Kerala
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496 MARANAO pinos and foreign colon
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498 MARANAO returned to teach in lo
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500 MASALIT The Masalit, and a grou
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502 MASALIT wife's mother still exp
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504 MEIDOB Kapteijns, L. "The Emerg
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506 MEIDOB time, when political and
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508 MELANAU Articles Lampen, G. D.
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510 MELANAU category of his father.
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512 MELANAU officers and religious
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514 MENDE of peak labor input by co
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516 MENDE BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Abraha
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518 MEOS ancient raga traditions of
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520 MEOS Muslim manner, but most of
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522 MIMA-MIMI Historians have not i
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524 MINANGKABAU important character
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526 MINANGKABAU return, they are tr
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528 MOGHOLS . "Some Notes on the Ta
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530 MOGHOLS of their neighbors to t
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532 MOLBOG water." Tradition says t
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534 MOLBOG builds its own house, us
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536 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES A
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538 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES c
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540 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES S
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542 States: Dagomba Books MOLE-DAGB
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544 MOORS . "Migration and Tribal I
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546 MOSSI similar characteristics.
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548 MOSSI is red with laterite. Dai
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550 MOSSI exposes individuals to th
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552 MOSSI Tarr, Delbert Howard. "In
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554 NUBA Islam came to the Nogai Ho
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556 NUBA had distinct political dev
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558 NUBA the kujur, who were often
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560 NUBIANS Historically, the Nubia
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562 NUBIANS pronounced in this area
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564 NUBIANS . La Nubia Medioevale.
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566 NUPE language of these classes,
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568 NUPE from this era as well. Cer
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570 NURISTANIS "Land of Infidels,"
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572 NURISTANIS symbolized in instit
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574 NYAMWEZI to a Communist Afghani
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576 NYAMWEZI ucation which requires
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578 NYANKOLE Finucane, J. R. Rural
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580 NYANKOLE government service tha
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582 NYANKOLE Ganda). These factions
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584 OGAN-BESEMAH Present provincial
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586 ORISSANS is an occasion for the
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588 ORISSANS feeding is not possibl
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590 OROMO ship among girls is commo
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592 OROMO educated Oromo. It is iro
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594 OROMO Although there are so man
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596 OSSETIANS Hultin, J. "Social St
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598 OSSETIANS such as the transfer
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PASHAI 601 temporary Pashai mountai
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PASHAI 603 at present modern small
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*X?ri PERSIANS 605 Iran and Afghani
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*J&r* PERSIANS 607 urban social sys
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K&r • PERSIANS 609 trend among th
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PERSIANS 611 Coon, Carleton S. Cara
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*3Zr^ POMAKS 613 forced to convert
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POMAKS 615 closing the the Greek bo
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i-V i-_ T~- £ V. ~£„ i^ftrr* PU
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PUNJABIS 619 village may be dominat
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PUNJABIS 621 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ahm
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PUSHTUN 623 or herdsmen. They raise
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PUSHTUN 625 Idle young men in villa
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~ftrrr=^-r^j- PUSHTUN 627 of 1979 a
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PUSHTUN 629 Howell, Evelyn. Mizh: A
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*?r- Q QASHQA'I The Qashqa'i, one o
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*/" QASHQA'I 633 alism and urban wa
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^r- QASHQA'I 635 Shiraz to make or
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^M" QIZILBASH 637 Duncan, David Dou
Page 220 and 221: QIZILBASH 639 Afghan Khorasan and B
Page 222 and 223: QIZILBASH 641 constantly felt waves
Page 224 and 225: R RESHAWA They call themselves Resh
Page 226 and 227: RESHAWA 645 refrains from praying a
Page 228 and 229: s SADAMA The Ethiopian people who r
Page 230 and 231: SADAMA 649 be chronologically old,
Page 232 and 233: gjv 1 SADAMA 651 minor spirit being
Page 234 and 235: SALARS 653 by Mahmud al Kashgari an
Page 236 and 237: SAMA 655 derive from a migration in
Page 238 and 239: SAMA 657 munities may contain two o
Page 240 and 241: SANGIL 659 Pallesen, Kemp. "Recipro
Page 242 and 243: JJE^l SASAK 661 occupation. In the
Page 244 and 245: SASAK 663 The religious organizatio
Page 246 and 247: SENUFO 665 cifically applied to the
Page 248 and 249: SENUFO 667 some of the reasons stat
Page 250 and 251: SERER 669 the most vigorously. Both
Page 252 and 253: SHAHSEVAN 671 sevan differ from oth
Page 254 and 255: SHAHSEVAN 673 The Iranian New Year
Page 256 and 257: SHANGAWA 675 sixteenth century a Mo
Page 258 and 259: SHANGAWA 677 A corpse is buried wit
Page 260 and 261: - J»_-y jr.^y -7 v> SHINA-SPEAKING
Page 262 and 263: • *•-- *„- ;—-TV.. SHINA-SP
Page 264 and 265: SHINA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 683 about th
Page 266 and 267: SINDHIS 685 Approximately 93 percen
Page 268 and 269: SINDHIS 687 for the family's affair
Page 272 and 273: SINYAR 691 the east by the Fur and
Page 274 and 275: SINYAR 693 Masalit Native Administr
Page 276 and 277: SOGA 695 Articles Doornbos, Paul. "
Page 278 and 279: SOGA 697 administration but also in
Page 280 and 281: SOMALIS 699 activities produce meag
Page 282 and 283: SOMALIS 701 conflict. Two cases in
Page 284 and 285: SOMALIS 703 Success," a philosophic
Page 286 and 287: SONGHAY 705 Luling, Virginia. "Soma
Page 288 and 289: SONGHAY 707 communities of Songhay
Page 290 and 291: SONINKE 709 such sites, drawing the
Page 292 and 293: SONINKE 711 cleric is elected for l
Page 294 and 295: soso 713 of Soso settlements came t
Page 296 and 297: soso 715 future husband gives prese
Page 298 and 299: ^i soso 717 In the more orthodox se
Page 300 and 301: SOUTH AFRICANS 719 terms designed t
Page 302 and 303: SOUTH AFRICANS 721 eroded, partly b
Page 304 and 305: SRI LANKANS 723 Desai, B., and Marn
Page 306 and 307: SRI LANKANS 725 There is considerab
Page 308 and 309: SUNDANESE 727 order, also do, but s
Page 310 and 311: SUNDANESE 729 the defeat of the Sum
Page 312 and 313: yp> SUNDANESE 731 BIBLIOGRAPHY Book
Page 314 and 315: SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
Page 316 and 317: SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
Page 318 and 319: SWAHILI 735 public, worn over eithe
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SWAHILI 737 Lienhardt, Peter. "Cont
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w T TAJIK The Tajik of Central Asia
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^^ TAJIK 741 creep up the walls unt
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TAJIK 743 mothers are walking encyc
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 745 Slobin, M
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 747 Masalit b
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wr TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 749 of Tam
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W" TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 751 centur
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 753 Shali and
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TAQALI 755 Small villages dot the p
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TAQALI 757 Both men and women farm,
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TATARS 759 called themselves Turks,
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TATARS 761 substantial private prop
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TATARS 763 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Allwo
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TAUSUG 765 contain Islam in the sou
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TAUSUG 767 they may reside with the
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TAUSUG 769 (and Samal) society. Man
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TEBU 771 therefore, the people of T
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TEBU 773 basic difference in social
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TEMNE 775 kola, enter the market as
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TEMNE 777 schools. In general the i
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TERNATAN-TIDORESE 779 Gamble, David
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TERNATAN-TIDORESE 781 system of ann
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w* THAIS 783 of having a great deal
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THAIS 785 property indefinitely. Th
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THAIS 787 Pattani. All stress the g
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TOMINI 789 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bauer
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V" TOMINI 791 shift from matrilater
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TUKULOR 793 ernment cooperatives fo
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TUKULOR 795 The middle class, rimbe
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TUNJUR 797 leaves open the question
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 799 both in
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 801 In the
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 803 main la
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TURKMEN 805 An alternative spelling
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TURKMEN 807 lived only in tents and
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TURKMEN 809 Nurture? AAAS Selected
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 811 veloped, and f
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("^ TURKS, ANATOLIAN 813 Enthusiasm
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 815 depended on th
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 817 , and Tumertek
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TURKS, RUMELIAN 819 Contact on Trad
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TURKS, RUMELIAN 821 territories, fo
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u URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES The Urdu-sp
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URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 825 gamous (a
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V" URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 827 are kn
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URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 829 and Socia
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UYGUR 831 on either side of the Bog
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UZBEK 833 Pickens, Claude L., Jr. A
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UZBEK 835 a modernization program w
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UZBEK 837 In pre-revolutionary Tran
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UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 839 Uzbek commu
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UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 841 frame. Felt
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UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 843 Schurmann,
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846 VAI activities. Chattel slaves
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I5«
Page 433 and 434:
850 WANA very sense of being a "peo
Page 435 and 436:
852 WAYTO for themselves a religion
Page 437 and 438:
854 WAYTO mechanism around the Wayt
Page 439 and 440:
856 WOLOF Murdock, George P. Africa
Page 441 and 442:
858 WOLOF one wife; it is generally
Page 443 and 444:
860 WOLOF and so on—place themsel
Page 446 and 447:
Y YAKAN The Yakan are one of the Mu
Page 448 and 449:
YAKAN 865 always belong to her. Inh
Page 450 and 451:
YALUNKA 867 Sporadic relations with
Page 452 and 453:
YALUNKA 869 of any size contains at
Page 454 and 455:
YAO 871 married matrilocally, the h
Page 456 and 457:
YORUBA 873 Recent interpretations o
Page 458 and 459:
YORUBA 875 favoring Islam. Further,
Page 460 and 461:
YORUK 877 (Izmir) provinces still c
Page 462:
YORUK 879 . The Yoruk of Southeaste
Page 465 and 466:
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Page 467 and 468:
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Page 469 and 470:
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Page 471 and 472:
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Page 473 and 474:
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Page 479 and 480:
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Page 483 and 484:
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Page 485 and 486:
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Page 487 and 488:
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Page 489 and 490:
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Page 491 and 492:
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Page 493 and 494:
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Page 496 and 497:
APPENDIX 2. MUSLIMS AND THEIR ETHNI
Page 498 and 499:
Ethnic Group •Beri •Berti Besem
Page 500 and 501:
Ethnic Group •Fongoro Fra-Fra; se
Page 502 and 503:
Ethnic Group Kathmandu Valley (Sout
Page 504 and 505:
Ethnic Group •Masalat-Masalit Mas
Page 506 and 507:
Ethnic Group Plateau Chadic Pogoro
Page 508 and 509:
Ethnic Group •Sundanese "Susu"; s
Page 510:
Ethnic Group Zaghawa (Beri) Zaramo
Page 513 and 514:
Ethnic Group Hazaras Soninke Tamil
Page 515 and 516:
932 INDEX Ahmadiyas, xxxiv, 341, 49
Page 517 and 518:
934 Bedouin, 37-39 Bedras, 468 Beek
Page 519 and 520:
936 INDEX Cotabato, 462 Cousin, as
Page 521 and 522:
938 Fundamentalism, religious, xxxv
Page 523 and 524:
940 INDEX Indo-Mauritians, 341-343
Page 525 and 526:
942 INDEX Kinyaturu (language), 101
Page 527 and 528:
944 INDEX Mallam, mallamai, xxxi; a
Page 529 and 530:
946 INDEX Naming, importance of, 41
Page 531 and 532:
948 INDEX Qashqa'i, Khosrow Khan, 6
Page 533 and 534:
950 INDEX Shipbuilding, in south Su
Page 535 and 536:
952 INDEX Traores, 665 Tregami, 571
Page 537:
About the Editor RICHARD V. WEEKES
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