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INDEX 947 Pakhtu (language), 622 Pakpak, 117 Palawan, 531 Palawanon, 599-600 Palembangese. See Appendix 2 Paminggir, 473 Pamiri (language), 740 Pandits, 391 Panjkora, 411 Panjsher Valley, 740 Panthay, 187, 240, 332-339 Panthee, 188 Pan-Turanism, 419, 815 Paoans, 167-169 Parcham, Parchami, 627, 743 Pare, 105 Parianon, 532, 599, 658, 764-770 Parmesta Rebellion, 792 Parsees, 66, 215, 605, 835 Parsiwan, 4, 605, 739 Partition of India, 616, 685, 826 Pasai, 474 Pashai, 600-604, 739; language, 570 Pashto (language), 622 Pastoralism, in Iran, 448 Pathan (endogamous group), 391, 431, 824 Pathan, 295, 328, 403, 411, 622-630, 680 Patriliny, traditional Muslim system, 38 Patungtun, 472 Peanuts, cash crop in West Africa, 858 Pech River, 570 Pekal. See Appendix 2 Penghulu, xxx, 663 People of the Veil (Tuareg), 151 Pepefo, 21 Peripheral Mande, 774 Persians, 604-612; similarity to Aimaq, 14 Pesantran, 186 Pesemah, 473, 583 Peul. See Fulani Phyoqs, 90 Pilgrimage, xxix Pirism, xxxv Pirs, among Sindhis, 357, 689 Placenta. See Childbirth Plateau Chadic. See Appendix 2 Poetry: Persian, 609; among Somalis. 702 Pogoro, 103 Polders, 374, 428 Politeness, ceremonial, 609 Polo, Marco, 474 Polo, as sport among Burusho, 681 Polovtsy, 802 Polygyny, xxxvi; as lineage tie, 351; among Masalit, Nupe, Ossetians, 501, 568, 597; status symbol, 715 Pomaks, 612-616 Poro, 775, 846; conflict with Muslims, 776 Poro, secret societies, 515 Portuguese: in India, 493; in Indonesia, 4, 252, 437, 475, 781; in Maldives. 233 Poverty, among Hazaras, 329 Prahu, 127, 184; builders of, 170 Prayer, xxix Priyayi, 362 Pubian, 473 Pular (language), 257, 793 Punjabis, 616-622; in East Africa, 54; language, 616 Purdah: in East Africa, 54; enforcement of, 139; in India and Pakistan, 828; in Muslim world, xxxvi; prestigious among Hausa, 322 Purki (language), 87 Pushtun, 295, 328, 403, 411, 622-630, 680 Pushtunistan, 624 Pushtunwali, 625 Qadi, xxx Qadian, Qadianis, xxxiv, 724 Qadiriyya, 21, 43, 100, 129, 140, 230, 249, 257, 303, 353, 374, 425, 454, 490, 549, 617, 644, 665, 689, 700, 755, 757, 777, 824, 847, 859, 875 Qaisar, 529 Qalander, Lai Shabaz, 689 Qanats, 177, 608 Qarmatians, 357 Qashqa'i, 447, 631-637
948 INDEX Qashqa'i, Khosrow Khan, 635 Qaums, 618, 624 Qayrawani, Ibn Abi Zayd al-, 220 Qazi, xxx Qesmat, 609 Qireijab, 131 Qiyas, xxx Qizilbash, 422, 637-642, 670 Qorbati, 304-308 Quin. See Appendix 2 Qulaughli. See Appendix 2 Qumuk, 202,211,417-421 Quran, xxviii Quraysh, 37, 69 Rahman, Amir Abdur, 624 Rahmaniyya, xxxv Rajasthan, 517 Rajasthani (language), 300 Rajputs (endogamous group), 298, 518, 618 Ramadan, fast of, xxix; and factionalism in Uganda, 582; as observed by Khojas, 55 Rangi, 101 Rantau, 525 Rawas, 583 Rawther, 431 Raya, 591 Rebellion: in Afghanistan, 330, 574, 626; in Chad, 48, 222, 374, 454, 456, 773; in Eritrea, 12, 164, 348, 788; in Ethiopia, 317; in Indonesia, 792; in Iran, 425, 607, 610; against Khomeini, 385; among Oromo, 595; in Pakistan, 94; Parmesta, 792; in Philippines, 78, 498, 658, 865 Reformism, in Thailand, 786 Rejang, 473, 583 Relationships: among East African Asians, 57; hunting, 369; joking, 369, 378 Religion, among Arab villagers, 42 Resettlement: in Nigeria, 285; of Tatars, 758 Reshawa, 643-646, 675 Reshe (language), 643 Residence, forms of, xxxvii Revelations, xxvii Revival, Islamic, 520 Revolution, cultural, in China, 654 Reza Shah, 83, 632; policies toward tribes, 81,499 Rhetoric, among Batak, 121 Rhodope Mountains, 612 Rif, Republic of, 147 Rifians, 148 Rift Cluster, 101 Riga'iyya, xxxv, 43 Rinderpest, 579 Rituals: among Malays, 478; animistic as similar to Islam, 512; non-Islamic among Mende, 515 Roewengyah, 188 Rohinga, 188 Rom, 304-308 Romany (language), 305 Roscoe, John, 271 "Rubbleization," 627 Rufiji. See Appendix 2 Rumeli, 819 Rumi, Jalaladin, 814 Runga, language of, 453 Russianization: among Bashkir, 116; in Daghestan, 217; among Karakalpak, 389; of Nogai, 553 Rutuls, 213 Sab, 702 Sabah, 75 Sabantuy, 762 Sacrifices, communal offerings by Berti, 161 Sadakat, xxix Sadama, 647-652 Sadruddin, Prince (Aga Khan), xxxiii Safi, 601 Safroko, 442 Sagara, 104 Sago, 508, 789 Sahara Desert, 150 Sahdagh, 213 Sahel, xxiv Saho-speaking peoples. See Appendix 2 Said, 373 Saif, 375
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m^mt
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Muslim Peoples
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,*0W
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Partap C. Aggarwal SHRI RAM CENTER
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CONTRIBUTORS Vll Robert L. Hardgrav
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CONTRIBUTORS IX Abdi A. Sheik-Abdi
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Volume 1 CONTENTS Preface xix Intro
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CONTENTS xiii Fulani 257 Funj 261 F
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CONTENTS XV Mossi 546 Nogai 553 Nub
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CONTENTS XV11 Yoruba 872 Yoruk 876
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20° E 500 Km EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
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UJ o O jQ "" O CD £ _ Q o - O w C
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Muslim Peoples
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454 MABA the centuries have adopted
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456 MABA division of the village po
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458 MADURESE Works, John A. "Wither
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460 MADURESE she conducts the selam
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462 MAGUINDANAO leader. Medeldeling
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464 MAGUINDANAO warriors (see Sama)
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466 MAGUINDANAO which in recent yea
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468 MAHARASHTRIANS from north India
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470 MAKASSARESE bration of marriage
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472 MALAYO-POLYNESIAN-SPEAKING PEOP
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478 MALAYS century, and even into t
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480 MALAYS . The Malays: Their Prob
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482 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES used w
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484 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES Mali p
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486 MANDINKA Article Dieterlen, G.
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488 MANDINKA over social and religi
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490 MANDINKA for their abilities to
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492 MAPPILLA In Conflict and Harmon
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494 MAPPILLA The mosques of Kerala
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496 MARANAO pinos and foreign colon
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498 MARANAO returned to teach in lo
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500 MASALIT The Masalit, and a grou
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502 MASALIT wife's mother still exp
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504 MEIDOB Kapteijns, L. "The Emerg
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506 MEIDOB time, when political and
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508 MELANAU Articles Lampen, G. D.
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510 MELANAU category of his father.
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512 MELANAU officers and religious
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514 MENDE of peak labor input by co
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516 MENDE BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Abraha
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518 MEOS ancient raga traditions of
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520 MEOS Muslim manner, but most of
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522 MIMA-MIMI Historians have not i
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524 MINANGKABAU important character
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526 MINANGKABAU return, they are tr
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528 MOGHOLS . "Some Notes on the Ta
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530 MOGHOLS of their neighbors to t
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532 MOLBOG water." Tradition says t
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534 MOLBOG builds its own house, us
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536 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES A
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538 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES c
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540 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES S
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542 States: Dagomba Books MOLE-DAGB
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544 MOORS . "Migration and Tribal I
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546 MOSSI similar characteristics.
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548 MOSSI is red with laterite. Dai
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550 MOSSI exposes individuals to th
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552 MOSSI Tarr, Delbert Howard. "In
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554 NUBA Islam came to the Nogai Ho
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556 NUBA had distinct political dev
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558 NUBA the kujur, who were often
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560 NUBIANS Historically, the Nubia
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562 NUBIANS pronounced in this area
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564 NUBIANS . La Nubia Medioevale.
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566 NUPE language of these classes,
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568 NUPE from this era as well. Cer
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570 NURISTANIS "Land of Infidels,"
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572 NURISTANIS symbolized in instit
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574 NYAMWEZI to a Communist Afghani
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576 NYAMWEZI ucation which requires
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578 NYANKOLE Finucane, J. R. Rural
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580 NYANKOLE government service tha
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582 NYANKOLE Ganda). These factions
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584 OGAN-BESEMAH Present provincial
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586 ORISSANS is an occasion for the
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588 ORISSANS feeding is not possibl
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590 OROMO ship among girls is commo
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592 OROMO educated Oromo. It is iro
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594 OROMO Although there are so man
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596 OSSETIANS Hultin, J. "Social St
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598 OSSETIANS such as the transfer
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PASHAI 601 temporary Pashai mountai
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PASHAI 603 at present modern small
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*X?ri PERSIANS 605 Iran and Afghani
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*J&r* PERSIANS 607 urban social sys
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K&r • PERSIANS 609 trend among th
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PERSIANS 611 Coon, Carleton S. Cara
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*3Zr^ POMAKS 613 forced to convert
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POMAKS 615 closing the the Greek bo
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i-V i-_ T~- £ V. ~£„ i^ftrr* PU
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PUNJABIS 619 village may be dominat
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PUNJABIS 621 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ahm
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PUSHTUN 623 or herdsmen. They raise
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PUSHTUN 625 Idle young men in villa
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~ftrrr=^-r^j- PUSHTUN 627 of 1979 a
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PUSHTUN 629 Howell, Evelyn. Mizh: A
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*?r- Q QASHQA'I The Qashqa'i, one o
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*/" QASHQA'I 633 alism and urban wa
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^r- QASHQA'I 635 Shiraz to make or
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^M" QIZILBASH 637 Duncan, David Dou
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QIZILBASH 639 Afghan Khorasan and B
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QIZILBASH 641 constantly felt waves
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R RESHAWA They call themselves Resh
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RESHAWA 645 refrains from praying a
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s SADAMA The Ethiopian people who r
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SADAMA 649 be chronologically old,
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gjv 1 SADAMA 651 minor spirit being
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SALARS 653 by Mahmud al Kashgari an
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SAMA 655 derive from a migration in
Page 238 and 239:
SAMA 657 munities may contain two o
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SANGIL 659 Pallesen, Kemp. "Recipro
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JJE^l SASAK 661 occupation. In the
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SASAK 663 The religious organizatio
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SENUFO 665 cifically applied to the
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SENUFO 667 some of the reasons stat
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SERER 669 the most vigorously. Both
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SHAHSEVAN 671 sevan differ from oth
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SHAHSEVAN 673 The Iranian New Year
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SHANGAWA 675 sixteenth century a Mo
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SHANGAWA 677 A corpse is buried wit
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- J»_-y jr.^y -7 v> SHINA-SPEAKING
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• *•-- *„- ;—-TV.. SHINA-SP
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SHINA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 683 about th
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SINDHIS 685 Approximately 93 percen
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SINDHIS 687 for the family's affair
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SINDHIS 689 Crops grown include whe
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SINYAR 691 the east by the Fur and
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SINYAR 693 Masalit Native Administr
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SOGA 695 Articles Doornbos, Paul. "
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SOGA 697 administration but also in
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SOMALIS 699 activities produce meag
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SOMALIS 701 conflict. Two cases in
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SOMALIS 703 Success," a philosophic
Page 286 and 287:
SONGHAY 705 Luling, Virginia. "Soma
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SONGHAY 707 communities of Songhay
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SONINKE 709 such sites, drawing the
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SONINKE 711 cleric is elected for l
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soso 713 of Soso settlements came t
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soso 715 future husband gives prese
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^i soso 717 In the more orthodox se
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SOUTH AFRICANS 719 terms designed t
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SOUTH AFRICANS 721 eroded, partly b
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SRI LANKANS 723 Desai, B., and Marn
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SRI LANKANS 725 There is considerab
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SUNDANESE 727 order, also do, but s
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SUNDANESE 729 the defeat of the Sum
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yp> SUNDANESE 731 BIBLIOGRAPHY Book
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SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
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SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
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SWAHILI 735 public, worn over eithe
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SWAHILI 737 Lienhardt, Peter. "Cont
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w T TAJIK The Tajik of Central Asia
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^^ TAJIK 741 creep up the walls unt
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TAJIK 743 mothers are walking encyc
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 745 Slobin, M
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 747 Masalit b
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wr TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 749 of Tam
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W" TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 751 centur
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TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 753 Shali and
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TAQALI 755 Small villages dot the p
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TAQALI 757 Both men and women farm,
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TATARS 759 called themselves Turks,
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TATARS 761 substantial private prop
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TATARS 763 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Allwo
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TAUSUG 765 contain Islam in the sou
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TAUSUG 767 they may reside with the
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TAUSUG 769 (and Samal) society. Man
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TEBU 771 therefore, the people of T
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TEBU 773 basic difference in social
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TEMNE 775 kola, enter the market as
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TEMNE 777 schools. In general the i
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TERNATAN-TIDORESE 779 Gamble, David
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TERNATAN-TIDORESE 781 system of ann
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w* THAIS 783 of having a great deal
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THAIS 785 property indefinitely. Th
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THAIS 787 Pattani. All stress the g
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TOMINI 789 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bauer
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V" TOMINI 791 shift from matrilater
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TUKULOR 793 ernment cooperatives fo
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TUKULOR 795 The middle class, rimbe
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TUNJUR 797 leaves open the question
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 799 both in
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TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 801 In the
Page 386 and 387:
TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 803 main la
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TURKMEN 805 An alternative spelling
Page 390 and 391:
TURKMEN 807 lived only in tents and
Page 392 and 393:
TURKMEN 809 Nurture? AAAS Selected
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 811 veloped, and f
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("^ TURKS, ANATOLIAN 813 Enthusiasm
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 815 depended on th
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TURKS, ANATOLIAN 817 , and Tumertek
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TURKS, RUMELIAN 819 Contact on Trad
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TURKS, RUMELIAN 821 territories, fo
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u URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES The Urdu-sp
Page 408 and 409:
URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 825 gamous (a
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V" URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 827 are kn
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URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 829 and Socia
Page 414 and 415:
UYGUR 831 on either side of the Bog
Page 416 and 417:
UZBEK 833 Pickens, Claude L., Jr. A
Page 418 and 419:
UZBEK 835 a modernization program w
Page 420 and 421:
UZBEK 837 In pre-revolutionary Tran
Page 422 and 423:
UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 839 Uzbek commu
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UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 841 frame. Felt
Page 426:
UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 843 Schurmann,
Page 429 and 430:
846 VAI activities. Chattel slaves
Page 431 and 432:
I5«
Page 433 and 434:
850 WANA very sense of being a "peo
Page 435 and 436:
852 WAYTO for themselves a religion
Page 437 and 438:
854 WAYTO mechanism around the Wayt
Page 439 and 440:
856 WOLOF Murdock, George P. Africa
Page 441 and 442:
858 WOLOF one wife; it is generally
Page 443 and 444:
860 WOLOF and so on—place themsel
Page 446 and 447:
Y YAKAN The Yakan are one of the Mu
Page 448 and 449:
YAKAN 865 always belong to her. Inh
Page 450 and 451:
YALUNKA 867 Sporadic relations with
Page 452 and 453:
YALUNKA 869 of any size contains at
Page 454 and 455:
YAO 871 married matrilocally, the h
Page 456 and 457:
YORUBA 873 Recent interpretations o
Page 458 and 459:
YORUBA 875 favoring Islam. Further,
Page 460 and 461:
YORUK 877 (Izmir) provinces still c
Page 462:
YORUK 879 . The Yoruk of Southeaste
Page 465 and 466:
1 9 1 hJ s ^H ^•ff § £ K7^ ^P O
Page 467 and 468:
H I a. Ss •S 1 6, e w 3 3 = £ c
Page 469 and 470:
33 z u •2 -2 I 1 S 3 Ji a. HI 111
Page 471 and 472:
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Page 473 and 474:
z .5 2 1 a s o W s s .2 -2 I i 5
Page 475 and 476:
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Page 477 and 478:
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Page 481 and 482: ^ w B 5 •2 -2 I 1 * I 3 a < 8 it;
Page 483 and 484: o w .2 -2 I i 5 -1 - i3 C3 I if 5
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Page 487 and 488: ca z 1 2 I 2 o X a s X U4 * 3 CN ON
Page 489 and 490: I 1 ca ft. u O "3 X o fad s s •2
Page 491 and 492: a Z s 2 >. 2 & a 3 O Lo fad 5 -S *
Page 493 and 494: a z J a 2 1 ft. a s o u U fad J -S
Page 496 and 497: APPENDIX 2. MUSLIMS AND THEIR ETHNI
Page 498 and 499: Ethnic Group •Beri •Berti Besem
Page 500 and 501: Ethnic Group •Fongoro Fra-Fra; se
Page 502 and 503: Ethnic Group Kathmandu Valley (Sout
Page 504 and 505: Ethnic Group •Masalat-Masalit Mas
Page 506 and 507: Ethnic Group Plateau Chadic Pogoro
Page 508 and 509: Ethnic Group •Sundanese "Susu"; s
Page 510: Ethnic Group Zaghawa (Beri) Zaramo
Page 513 and 514: Ethnic Group Hazaras Soninke Tamil
Page 515 and 516: 932 INDEX Ahmadiyas, xxxiv, 341, 49
Page 517 and 518: 934 Bedouin, 37-39 Bedras, 468 Beek
Page 519 and 520: 936 INDEX Cotabato, 462 Cousin, as
Page 521 and 522: 938 Fundamentalism, religious, xxxv
Page 523 and 524: 940 INDEX Indo-Mauritians, 341-343
Page 525 and 526: 942 INDEX Kinyaturu (language), 101
Page 527 and 528: 944 INDEX Mallam, mallamai, xxxi; a
Page 529: 946 INDEX Naming, importance of, 41
Page 533 and 534: 950 INDEX Shipbuilding, in south Su
Page 535 and 536: 952 INDEX Traores, 665 Tregami, 571
Page 537: About the Editor RICHARD V. WEEKES
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