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\o$s\z British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Muslim peoples.—2nd rev. ed.—(Aldwych Press reference collection) 1. Ethnology—Islamic countries I. Weekes, Richard V. 305.6 '2971 DS35.625.A1 ISBN 0-86172-038-5 ISBN 0-86172-036-9 Vol. 1 ISBN 0-86172-037-7 Vol. 2 Copyright © 1984 by Richard V. Weekes All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. ISBN: 0-86172-038-5 (set) First published 1984 in the United States of America by Greenwood Press, a division of Congressional Information Service, Inc. 88 Post Road West, Westport, Connecticut 06881 in Great Britain by Aldwych Press Limited 3 Henrietta Street, London WC2E 8LU Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321
Partap C. Aggarwal SHRI RAM CENTER FOR INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS New Delhi, India Irshad Ali DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Gauhati University Tahir Ali DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Wesleyan University J. C. Anceaux University of Leiden Jane Monnig Atkinson DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Stanford University Jerome H. Barkow DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY Dalhousie University R. H. Barnes INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Oxford University Daniel G. Bates DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Hunter College of City University of New York Ulku U. Bates DEPARTMENT OF ART Hunter College of City University of New York Lois Beck DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Washington University CONTRIBUTORS Burton Benedict DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY University of California, Berkeley Henri Berre (deceased) CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENT1FIQUE Valbonne, France Peter J. Bertocci DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Oakland University U. B. Bhoite DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Maharathwada University R. M. Blench DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY University of Cambridge Christian Bouquet DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY University of Bordeaux III John Bowen HARVARD INSTITUTE FOR INTERNA TIONAL DEVELOPMENT Harvard University James L. Brain DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY State University of New York at New Paltz Harald Beyer Broch ETHNOGRAPHICAL MUSEUM University of Oslo Philip Burnham DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY University of London
Page 1 and 2: m^mt
Page 5 and 6: Muslim Peoples
Page 7: ,*0W
Page 11 and 12: CONTRIBUTORS Vll Robert L. Hardgrav
Page 13 and 14: CONTRIBUTORS IX Abdi A. Sheik-Abdi
Page 15 and 16: Volume 1 CONTENTS Preface xix Intro
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS xiii Fulani 257 Funj 261 F
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS XV Mossi 546 Nogai 553 Nub
Page 21: CONTENTS XV11 Yoruba 872 Yoruk 876
Page 26 and 27: 20° E 500 Km EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Page 28 and 29: UJ o O jQ "" O CD £ _ Q o - O w C
Page 33: Muslim Peoples
Page 36 and 37: 454 MABA the centuries have adopted
Page 38 and 39: 456 MABA division of the village po
Page 40 and 41: 458 MADURESE Works, John A. "Wither
Page 42 and 43: 460 MADURESE she conducts the selam
Page 44 and 45: 462 MAGUINDANAO leader. Medeldeling
Page 46 and 47: 464 MAGUINDANAO warriors (see Sama)
Page 48 and 49: 466 MAGUINDANAO which in recent yea
Page 50 and 51: 468 MAHARASHTRIANS from north India
Page 52 and 53: 470 MAKASSARESE bration of marriage
Page 54 and 55: 472 MALAYO-POLYNESIAN-SPEAKING PEOP
Page 56 and 57: 474 MALAYO-POLYNESIAN-SPEAKING PEOP
Page 58 and 59:
476 MALAYO-POLYNESIAN-SPEAKING PEOP
Page 60 and 61:
478 MALAYS century, and even into t
Page 62 and 63:
480 MALAYS . The Malays: Their Prob
Page 64 and 65:
482 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES used w
Page 66 and 67:
484 MANDING-SPEAKING PEOPLES Mali p
Page 68 and 69:
486 MANDINKA Article Dieterlen, G.
Page 70 and 71:
488 MANDINKA over social and religi
Page 72 and 73:
490 MANDINKA for their abilities to
Page 74 and 75:
492 MAPPILLA In Conflict and Harmon
Page 76 and 77:
494 MAPPILLA The mosques of Kerala
Page 78 and 79:
496 MARANAO pinos and foreign colon
Page 80 and 81:
498 MARANAO returned to teach in lo
Page 82 and 83:
500 MASALIT The Masalit, and a grou
Page 84 and 85:
502 MASALIT wife's mother still exp
Page 86 and 87:
504 MEIDOB Kapteijns, L. "The Emerg
Page 88 and 89:
506 MEIDOB time, when political and
Page 90 and 91:
508 MELANAU Articles Lampen, G. D.
Page 92 and 93:
510 MELANAU category of his father.
Page 94 and 95:
512 MELANAU officers and religious
Page 96 and 97:
514 MENDE of peak labor input by co
Page 98 and 99:
516 MENDE BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Abraha
Page 100 and 101:
518 MEOS ancient raga traditions of
Page 102 and 103:
520 MEOS Muslim manner, but most of
Page 104 and 105:
522 MIMA-MIMI Historians have not i
Page 106 and 107:
524 MINANGKABAU important character
Page 108 and 109:
526 MINANGKABAU return, they are tr
Page 110 and 111:
528 MOGHOLS . "Some Notes on the Ta
Page 112 and 113:
530 MOGHOLS of their neighbors to t
Page 114 and 115:
532 MOLBOG water." Tradition says t
Page 116 and 117:
534 MOLBOG builds its own house, us
Page 118 and 119:
536 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES A
Page 120 and 121:
538 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES c
Page 122 and 123:
540 MOLE-DAGBANE-SPEAKING PEOPLES S
Page 124 and 125:
542 States: Dagomba Books MOLE-DAGB
Page 126 and 127:
544 MOORS . "Migration and Tribal I
Page 128 and 129:
546 MOSSI similar characteristics.
Page 130 and 131:
548 MOSSI is red with laterite. Dai
Page 132 and 133:
550 MOSSI exposes individuals to th
Page 134 and 135:
552 MOSSI Tarr, Delbert Howard. "In
Page 136 and 137:
554 NUBA Islam came to the Nogai Ho
Page 138 and 139:
556 NUBA had distinct political dev
Page 140 and 141:
558 NUBA the kujur, who were often
Page 142 and 143:
560 NUBIANS Historically, the Nubia
Page 144 and 145:
562 NUBIANS pronounced in this area
Page 146 and 147:
564 NUBIANS . La Nubia Medioevale.
Page 148 and 149:
566 NUPE language of these classes,
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568 NUPE from this era as well. Cer
Page 152 and 153:
570 NURISTANIS "Land of Infidels,"
Page 154 and 155:
572 NURISTANIS symbolized in instit
Page 156 and 157:
574 NYAMWEZI to a Communist Afghani
Page 158 and 159:
576 NYAMWEZI ucation which requires
Page 160 and 161:
578 NYANKOLE Finucane, J. R. Rural
Page 162 and 163:
580 NYANKOLE government service tha
Page 164 and 165:
582 NYANKOLE Ganda). These factions
Page 166 and 167:
584 OGAN-BESEMAH Present provincial
Page 168 and 169:
586 ORISSANS is an occasion for the
Page 170 and 171:
588 ORISSANS feeding is not possibl
Page 172 and 173:
590 OROMO ship among girls is commo
Page 174 and 175:
592 OROMO educated Oromo. It is iro
Page 176 and 177:
594 OROMO Although there are so man
Page 178 and 179:
596 OSSETIANS Hultin, J. "Social St
Page 180 and 181:
598 OSSETIANS such as the transfer
Page 182 and 183:
PASHAI 601 temporary Pashai mountai
Page 184 and 185:
PASHAI 603 at present modern small
Page 186 and 187:
*X?ri PERSIANS 605 Iran and Afghani
Page 188 and 189:
*J&r* PERSIANS 607 urban social sys
Page 190 and 191:
K&r • PERSIANS 609 trend among th
Page 192 and 193:
PERSIANS 611 Coon, Carleton S. Cara
Page 194 and 195:
*3Zr^ POMAKS 613 forced to convert
Page 196 and 197:
POMAKS 615 closing the the Greek bo
Page 198 and 199:
i-V i-_ T~- £ V. ~£„ i^ftrr* PU
Page 200 and 201:
PUNJABIS 619 village may be dominat
Page 202 and 203:
PUNJABIS 621 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ahm
Page 204 and 205:
PUSHTUN 623 or herdsmen. They raise
Page 206 and 207:
PUSHTUN 625 Idle young men in villa
Page 208 and 209:
~ftrrr=^-r^j- PUSHTUN 627 of 1979 a
Page 210 and 211:
PUSHTUN 629 Howell, Evelyn. Mizh: A
Page 212 and 213:
*?r- Q QASHQA'I The Qashqa'i, one o
Page 214 and 215:
*/" QASHQA'I 633 alism and urban wa
Page 216 and 217:
^r- QASHQA'I 635 Shiraz to make or
Page 218 and 219:
^M" QIZILBASH 637 Duncan, David Dou
Page 220 and 221:
QIZILBASH 639 Afghan Khorasan and B
Page 222 and 223:
QIZILBASH 641 constantly felt waves
Page 224 and 225:
R RESHAWA They call themselves Resh
Page 226 and 227:
RESHAWA 645 refrains from praying a
Page 228 and 229:
s SADAMA The Ethiopian people who r
Page 230 and 231:
SADAMA 649 be chronologically old,
Page 232 and 233:
gjv 1 SADAMA 651 minor spirit being
Page 234 and 235:
SALARS 653 by Mahmud al Kashgari an
Page 236 and 237:
SAMA 655 derive from a migration in
Page 238 and 239:
SAMA 657 munities may contain two o
Page 240 and 241:
SANGIL 659 Pallesen, Kemp. "Recipro
Page 242 and 243:
JJE^l SASAK 661 occupation. In the
Page 244 and 245:
SASAK 663 The religious organizatio
Page 246 and 247:
SENUFO 665 cifically applied to the
Page 248 and 249:
SENUFO 667 some of the reasons stat
Page 250 and 251:
SERER 669 the most vigorously. Both
Page 252 and 253:
SHAHSEVAN 671 sevan differ from oth
Page 254 and 255:
SHAHSEVAN 673 The Iranian New Year
Page 256 and 257:
SHANGAWA 675 sixteenth century a Mo
Page 258 and 259:
SHANGAWA 677 A corpse is buried wit
Page 260 and 261:
- J»_-y jr.^y -7 v> SHINA-SPEAKING
Page 262 and 263:
• *•-- *„- ;—-TV.. SHINA-SP
Page 264 and 265:
SHINA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 683 about th
Page 266 and 267:
SINDHIS 685 Approximately 93 percen
Page 268 and 269:
SINDHIS 687 for the family's affair
Page 270 and 271:
SINDHIS 689 Crops grown include whe
Page 272 and 273:
SINYAR 691 the east by the Fur and
Page 274 and 275:
SINYAR 693 Masalit Native Administr
Page 276 and 277:
SOGA 695 Articles Doornbos, Paul. "
Page 278 and 279:
SOGA 697 administration but also in
Page 280 and 281:
SOMALIS 699 activities produce meag
Page 282 and 283:
SOMALIS 701 conflict. Two cases in
Page 284 and 285:
SOMALIS 703 Success," a philosophic
Page 286 and 287:
SONGHAY 705 Luling, Virginia. "Soma
Page 288 and 289:
SONGHAY 707 communities of Songhay
Page 290 and 291:
SONINKE 709 such sites, drawing the
Page 292 and 293:
SONINKE 711 cleric is elected for l
Page 294 and 295:
soso 713 of Soso settlements came t
Page 296 and 297:
soso 715 future husband gives prese
Page 298 and 299:
^i soso 717 In the more orthodox se
Page 300 and 301:
SOUTH AFRICANS 719 terms designed t
Page 302 and 303:
SOUTH AFRICANS 721 eroded, partly b
Page 304 and 305:
SRI LANKANS 723 Desai, B., and Marn
Page 306 and 307:
SRI LANKANS 725 There is considerab
Page 308 and 309:
SUNDANESE 727 order, also do, but s
Page 310 and 311:
SUNDANESE 729 the defeat of the Sum
Page 312 and 313:
yp> SUNDANESE 731 BIBLIOGRAPHY Book
Page 314 and 315:
SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
Page 316 and 317:
SWAHILI 733 with the Persian Gulf.
Page 318 and 319:
SWAHILI 735 public, worn over eithe
Page 320 and 321:
SWAHILI 737 Lienhardt, Peter. "Cont
Page 322 and 323:
w T TAJIK The Tajik of Central Asia
Page 324 and 325:
^^ TAJIK 741 creep up the walls unt
Page 326 and 327:
TAJIK 743 mothers are walking encyc
Page 328 and 329:
TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 745 Slobin, M
Page 330 and 331:
TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 747 Masalit b
Page 332 and 333:
wr TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 749 of Tam
Page 334 and 335:
W" TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 751 centur
Page 336 and 337:
TAMA-SPEAKING PEOPLES 753 Shali and
Page 338 and 339:
TAQALI 755 Small villages dot the p
Page 340 and 341:
TAQALI 757 Both men and women farm,
Page 342 and 343:
TATARS 759 called themselves Turks,
Page 344 and 345:
TATARS 761 substantial private prop
Page 346 and 347:
TATARS 763 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Allwo
Page 348 and 349:
TAUSUG 765 contain Islam in the sou
Page 350 and 351:
TAUSUG 767 they may reside with the
Page 352 and 353:
TAUSUG 769 (and Samal) society. Man
Page 354 and 355:
TEBU 771 therefore, the people of T
Page 356 and 357:
TEBU 773 basic difference in social
Page 358 and 359:
TEMNE 775 kola, enter the market as
Page 360 and 361:
TEMNE 777 schools. In general the i
Page 362 and 363:
TERNATAN-TIDORESE 779 Gamble, David
Page 364 and 365:
TERNATAN-TIDORESE 781 system of ann
Page 366 and 367:
w* THAIS 783 of having a great deal
Page 368 and 369:
THAIS 785 property indefinitely. Th
Page 370 and 371:
THAIS 787 Pattani. All stress the g
Page 372 and 373:
TOMINI 789 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bauer
Page 374 and 375:
V" TOMINI 791 shift from matrilater
Page 376 and 377:
TUKULOR 793 ernment cooperatives fo
Page 378 and 379:
TUKULOR 795 The middle class, rimbe
Page 380 and 381:
TUNJUR 797 leaves open the question
Page 382 and 383:
TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 799 both in
Page 384 and 385:
TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 801 In the
Page 386 and 387:
TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES 803 main la
Page 388 and 389:
TURKMEN 805 An alternative spelling
Page 390 and 391:
TURKMEN 807 lived only in tents and
Page 392 and 393:
TURKMEN 809 Nurture? AAAS Selected
Page 394 and 395:
TURKS, ANATOLIAN 811 veloped, and f
Page 396 and 397:
("^ TURKS, ANATOLIAN 813 Enthusiasm
Page 398 and 399:
TURKS, ANATOLIAN 815 depended on th
Page 400 and 401:
TURKS, ANATOLIAN 817 , and Tumertek
Page 402 and 403:
TURKS, RUMELIAN 819 Contact on Trad
Page 404 and 405:
TURKS, RUMELIAN 821 territories, fo
Page 406 and 407:
u URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES The Urdu-sp
Page 408 and 409:
URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 825 gamous (a
Page 410 and 411:
V" URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 827 are kn
Page 412 and 413:
URDU-SPEAKING PEOPLES 829 and Socia
Page 414 and 415:
UYGUR 831 on either side of the Bog
Page 416 and 417:
UZBEK 833 Pickens, Claude L., Jr. A
Page 418 and 419:
UZBEK 835 a modernization program w
Page 420 and 421:
UZBEK 837 In pre-revolutionary Tran
Page 422 and 423:
UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 839 Uzbek commu
Page 424 and 425:
UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 841 frame. Felt
Page 426:
UZBEK (AFGHANISTAN) 843 Schurmann,
Page 429 and 430:
846 VAI activities. Chattel slaves
Page 431 and 432:
I5«
Page 433 and 434:
850 WANA very sense of being a "peo
Page 435 and 436:
852 WAYTO for themselves a religion
Page 437 and 438:
854 WAYTO mechanism around the Wayt
Page 439 and 440:
856 WOLOF Murdock, George P. Africa
Page 441 and 442:
858 WOLOF one wife; it is generally
Page 443 and 444:
860 WOLOF and so on—place themsel
Page 446 and 447:
Y YAKAN The Yakan are one of the Mu
Page 448 and 449:
YAKAN 865 always belong to her. Inh
Page 450 and 451:
YALUNKA 867 Sporadic relations with
Page 452 and 453:
YALUNKA 869 of any size contains at
Page 454 and 455:
YAO 871 married matrilocally, the h
Page 456 and 457:
YORUBA 873 Recent interpretations o
Page 458 and 459:
YORUBA 875 favoring Islam. Further,
Page 460 and 461:
YORUK 877 (Izmir) provinces still c
Page 462:
YORUK 879 . The Yoruk of Southeaste
Page 465 and 466:
1 9 1 hJ s ^H ^•ff § £ K7^ ^P O
Page 467 and 468:
H I a. Ss •S 1 6, e w 3 3 = £ c
Page 469 and 470:
33 z u •2 -2 I 1 S 3 Ji a. HI 111
Page 471 and 472:
n Z gl. r £ u O "3 x a s a o a. E.
Page 473 and 474:
z .5 2 1 a s o W s s .2 -2 I i 5
Page 475 and 476:
3 2 >> 2 a 8- O a II 11 3"3 ! § §
Page 477 and 478:
#o "— as Z a 3 2 >> £ w •2 -2
Page 479 and 480:
a #o a Z a 1 ca ft, o 5 w c 6 •I
Page 481 and 482:
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Page 483 and 484:
o w .2 -2 I i 5 -1 - i3 C3 I if 5
Page 485 and 486:
a — ca Z £ 2 >. 1 ft. o >> s o '
Page 487 and 488:
ca z 1 2 I 2 o X a s X U4 * 3 CN ON
Page 489 and 490:
I 1 ca ft. u O "3 X o fad s s •2
Page 491 and 492:
a Z s 2 >. 2 & a 3 O Lo fad 5 -S *
Page 493 and 494:
a z J a 2 1 ft. a s o u U fad J -S
Page 496 and 497:
APPENDIX 2. MUSLIMS AND THEIR ETHNI
Page 498 and 499:
Ethnic Group •Beri •Berti Besem
Page 500 and 501:
Ethnic Group •Fongoro Fra-Fra; se
Page 502 and 503:
Ethnic Group Kathmandu Valley (Sout
Page 504 and 505:
Ethnic Group •Masalat-Masalit Mas
Page 506 and 507:
Ethnic Group Plateau Chadic Pogoro
Page 508 and 509:
Ethnic Group •Sundanese "Susu"; s
Page 510:
Ethnic Group Zaghawa (Beri) Zaramo
Page 513 and 514:
Ethnic Group Hazaras Soninke Tamil
Page 515 and 516:
932 INDEX Ahmadiyas, xxxiv, 341, 49
Page 517 and 518:
934 Bedouin, 37-39 Bedras, 468 Beek
Page 519 and 520:
936 INDEX Cotabato, 462 Cousin, as
Page 521 and 522:
938 Fundamentalism, religious, xxxv
Page 523 and 524:
940 INDEX Indo-Mauritians, 341-343
Page 525 and 526:
942 INDEX Kinyaturu (language), 101
Page 527 and 528:
944 INDEX Mallam, mallamai, xxxi; a
Page 529 and 530:
946 INDEX Naming, importance of, 41
Page 531 and 532:
948 INDEX Qashqa'i, Khosrow Khan, 6
Page 533 and 534:
950 INDEX Shipbuilding, in south Su
Page 535 and 536:
952 INDEX Traores, 665 Tregami, 571
Page 537:
About the Editor RICHARD V. WEEKES
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