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470 MAKASSARESE
bration of marriage and other rituals, they celebrate Muslim holy days in their
own traditions. They have separate educational institutions. Even in urban areas,
social divisions persist, strengthened by the caste-oriented and faction-ridden
politics of the state, despite the political and religious leadership's insistence
upon a united community.
Although the Muslim contribution to the cultural life of Maharashtra is limited,
Marathwada has always been a preserve of Urdu language and literature. Urdu
prose and poetry are widely read, and a few Muslims have made notable contributions
to the enrichment of Marathi language and literature. Prominent among
them are Amar Shaikh, Hamid Dalwai and Mrs. Mumtaz Rahmatpure.
However much Hindu and Muslim have lived in harmony in the past, increased
incidents of communal violence in certain parts of Maharashtra and deepening
feelings of economic discrimination are causing disillusion among urban Muslims
with leading national parties. Increasing numbers are joining such parties as the
Muslim League. The league has already become a strong force in Bombay and
in certain parts of Marathwada and Vidharba. This separatist political consciousness
cannot help but have an adverse effect on the socio-cultural life in Maharashtra.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Ahmed, Imtiaz, ed. Caste and Social Stratification Among the Muslims. Delhi: Manohar
Book Service, 1973.
Davis, Kingsley. The Population of India and Pakistan. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1951.
Gibb, H.A.R., and Kramers, J. H., eds. Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam. Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 1965.
Karve, Irawati. Maharashtra: Land and Its People. Bombay: Directorate of Government
Printing, 1968.
Orenstein, Henry. "Leadership and Caste in a Bombay Village." In Leadership and
Political Institutions in India, edited by Richard L. Park and Irene Tinker. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1959.
Siddiqui, N. A. Population Geography of Muslims in India. New Delhi: Directorate of
Government Printing, 1976.
Article
Morrison, William A. "Family Types in Badlapur: An Analysis of a Changing Institution
in a Maharashtrian Village." Sociological Bulletin 8 (1959): 45-67.
Moin Shakir
U. B. Bhoite
Population figures updated by Richard V. Weekes
MAKASSARESE The Makassarese (or Mangkasara', as they call themselves)
number an estimated 2.5 million and form one of the major groups in the