(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Parental/Fetal Exposure Occupational Production/Processing Manufacturing Miscellaneous Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Figure 7.1 Benzene Exposure Assessment Personal Outdoor – Ambient (rural/urban) – Industrial source area Indoor –Home –Tobacco smoke Fuels –Automobile –Small engine Food/Water 97 Parental Child Personal Breast milk Outdoor – Ambient (rural/urban) – Industrial source area Indoor – Home/school – Tobacco smoke Fuels – Automobile – Small engine Food/Water Benzene exposures to children and the prospective parents have been quantified by evaluating the ambient or background benzene levels in a child’s/parent’s air (indoor and outdoor), diet, and water as well as specific sources and microenvironments to which subpopulations of children may be exposed. Available data indicate that all children are exposed to background levels of benzene in the ambient air, water, and food supply as a result of releases from natural sources, mobile sources, and the chain of commerce sources described in Section 5. In addition to these ubiquitous sources, certain subpopulations of children may be exposed to benzene in microenvironments depending on specific activities, such as use of equipment or vehicles with internal combustion engines or living in a home where tobacco smoking occurs (either used by parents or teenage children). For most people, exposure to benzene is a daily occurrence. Inhalation is the primary and dominant pathway of exposure, comprising the major component of individuals’ total benzene exposure (WHO, 1993). Also, benzene has been shown to occur at low levels in a large number of foods as the result of naturally occurring levels or possibly as a result of cooking processes. Although dermal exposures to benzene are generally insignificant due to its high volatility, this exposure route was also evaluated. Benzene exposures vary by age. This age variation occurs because individuals interact with different sources in different ways at different ages. Thus, a small child may be passively exposed to benzene while riding in a car, whereas only an older child (teenager) or an adult will have an exposure when actively refueling the car. Age variation also occurs because exposure- related characteristics such as body weight, breathing rate, and diet vary with age. As such, exposure scenarios have been developed for different age groups. Five age groups have been chosen based on relevant activities upon which children spend substantial amounts of time
throughout childhood, see Table 7.1. Also, the recent Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens was used to define relevant age groupings (EPA, 2005). In accordance with this guidance age groupings with a “break point” of less than two years of age and less than 16 years if age were included. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Table 7.1: Age Groupings Used in the Benzene Exposure Assessment Age Group Category Subcategory
Page 1 and 2:
Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
Page 3 and 4:
6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
Page 5 and 6:
Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
Page 7 and 8:
STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
Page 9 and 10:
enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
Page 11 and 12:
A fertility study in female rats ex
Page 13 and 14:
estimate is very conservative both
Page 15 and 16:
2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
Page 17 and 18:
2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
Page 19 and 20:
Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
Page 21 and 22:
4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
Page 23 and 24:
passenger vehicles operated at cold
Page 25 and 26:
Benzene has been designated a hazar
Page 27 and 28:
products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
Page 29 and 30:
5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
Page 31 and 32:
Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
Page 33 and 34:
general, the production rate is abo
Page 35 and 36:
gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
Page 37 and 38:
The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
Page 39 and 40:
Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 41 and 42:
Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
Page 43 and 44:
6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
Page 45 and 46:
6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
Page 47 and 48:
that transient, high peak exposures
Page 49 and 50:
absorption compared to inhalation,
Page 51 and 52:
increased risk of disease. It shoul
Page 53 and 54: The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Page 55 and 56: exposure. This was also supported b
Page 57 and 58: follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
Page 59 and 60: development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
Page 61 and 62: quantification of benzene air conce
Page 63 and 64: 4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
Page 65 and 66: 6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
Page 67 and 68: eakage and loss was comparable whet
Page 69 and 70: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 71 and 72: Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
Page 73 and 74: Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
Page 75 and 76: 6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
Page 77 and 78: induce solid tumors in animals in t
Page 79 and 80: mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
Page 81 and 82: decreases in maternal weight gain,
Page 87 and 88: increased resorptions. The effects
Page 89 and 90: proposed that transplacental effect
Page 91 and 92: glycerol lysis time, and incidence
Page 93 and 94: 6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
Page 95 and 96: LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
Page 97 and 98: the measurements of doses are suspe
Page 99 and 100: intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
Page 101 and 102: 2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
Page 103: 7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
Page 107 and 108: 7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
Page 113 and 114: Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
Page 115 and 116: Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
Page 121 and 122: factor change attributable to benze
Page 123 and 124: where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
Page 125 and 126: Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
Page 135 and 136: In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
Page 139 and 140: e similar to those in other U.S. st
Page 141 and 142: vehicle); the total amount of time
Page 143 and 144: use of small non-road engine equipm
Page 145 and 146: Children may be exposed to benzene
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
Page 149 and 150: An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
Page 151 and 152: In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156:
Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158:
Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160:
For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162:
Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164:
ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166:
8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168:
8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170:
These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172:
information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174:
species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176:
8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178:
Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180:
NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182:
Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184:
Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186:
Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188:
Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190:
Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192:
Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194:
Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196:
Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198:
Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200:
Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202:
the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204:
in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206:
Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208:
Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210:
Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212:
CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214:
Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216:
Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218:
Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220:
Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222:
Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224:
Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226:
Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228:
Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230:
Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232:
Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234:
Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236:
Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238:
Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240:
Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242:
United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244:
URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246:
Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248:
Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
show all

(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?