(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Marsh, J. C., Chowdry, J., Parry-Jones, N., Ellis, S. W., Muir, K. R., Gordon-Smith, E. C., and Tucker, G. T. (1999) Study of the association between cytochromes P450 2D6 and 2E1 genotypes and the risk of drug and chemical induced idiosyncratic aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 104(2), 266-70 Mauch PM, Kalish LA, Marcus KC, Coleman CN, Shulman LN, Krill E, Come S, Silver B, Canellos GP, Tarbell NJ. (1996). Second malignancies after treatment for laparotomy staged IA- IIIB Hodgkin's disease: long-term analysis of risk factors and outcome. Blood. May 1;87(9):3625-32. Marsoni, S., Ungerleider, R., Hurson, S., Simon, R., and Hammershaimb, L. (1985). Tolerance to antineoplastic agents in children and adults. Cancer Treatment Reports 69, 126301269. Mathews, J.M., Ethridge, A.S., and Matthews, H.B. 1998. Dose-dependent metabolism of benzene in hamsters, rats and mice. Toxicological Sci. 44: 14-21. Mazzullo, M., Bartoli, S., Bonora, B., et al. 1989. Benzene adducts with rat nucleic acids and proteins: Dose-response relationship after treatment in vivo. Environ Health Perspect 82: 259- 266. McCarrol, N.E., Piper, C.E., and Keech, B.H. 1980. Bacterial microsuspension assays with benzene and other organic solvents. Environ Mutagen 2: 281-282. McCarroll, N.E., Keech, B.H., and Piper, C.E. 1981a. A microsuspension assay for the detection of the Bacillus subtilis “rec” assay. Environ Mutagen 3: 607-616. McCarroll, N.E., Piper, C.E., and Keech, B.H., and 1981b. An E. coli microsuspension assay for the detection of DNA damage induced by direct-acting agents and promutagens. Environ Mutagen 3: 429-444. McCraw DS, Joyner RE, Cole P (1985) Excess leukemia in a refinery population. J.Occup.Med. 27(3):220-222 McDonald, T.A., Yeowell, O.C.K., and Rappaport, S.M. 1994. Comparison of protein adducts of benzene oxide and benzoquinone in the blood and bone marrow of rats and mice exposed to [ 14 C/ 13 C6]benzene. Cancer Res 54: 4907-4914. McKinney, P.A., Alexander, F.E., Cartwright, R.A., and Parker, L. 1991. Parental occupations of children with leukaemia in West Cubria, North Humberside, and Gateshead. Br Med J 302: 681-687. McMahon TF, Medinsky MA, Birnbaum LS. (1994). Age-related changes in benzene disposition in male C57BL/6N mice described by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Toxicol. Lett. 74(3):241-53. McNeal, T.P., Nyman, P.J., Diachenko, G.W., and Hollifield, H.C. 1993. Survey of benzene in foods by using headspace concentration techniques and capillary gas chromatography. Journal of AOAC International, 76:1213-1219. Benzene VCCEP Submission 219 March 2006
Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Baum, E., and Ruymann, F. (1989). Second malignant neoplasms following childhood Hodgkin's Disease: Treatment and splenectomy as risk factors. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 17, 477-484. Mele A, Szklo M, Visani G, Stanzi M, Castelli G, Pasquini P (1994). Hair dye use and other risk factors for leukemia and pre-leukemia-a case control study. Am. J. Epidemiology 405 Merck, 1989. Merck index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 11th edition, Budavari S, ed. Rahway NJ: Merck & Co., Inc. Meyne, J., and Legator, M.S. 1980. Sex-related differences in cytogenetic effects of benzene in the bone marrow of Swiss mice. Environ Mutagen 2: 43-50. Michiels JJ (1997) Preface. Semin.Thromb.Hemost. 23:333 Michon, S (1965) Influence of toluene on the health of women employed in industry. Med Pr 16, 230-234 Mijovic A, Mufti GJ (1998) The myelodysplastic syndromes: towards a functional classification. Blood Rev. 12:73-83 Mitelman, F., Brandt, L., and Nilsson, P. G. (1978). Relation among occupational exposure to potential mutagenic/carcinogenic agents, clinical findings, and bone marrow chromosomes in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 52, 1229-1237. Mitelman, F., Nilsson, P. G., Brandt, L., Alimena, G., Gastaldi, R., and Dallapiccola, B. (1981). Chromosome pattern, occupation, and clinical features in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet.Cytogenet. 4, 197-214. Mitelman, F., Nilsson, P., and Brandt, L. (1984). The correlation of karyotype and occupational exposure to potential mutagenic/carcinogenic agents in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer, Genetics and Cytogenetics 11, 326. Morimoto, K. 1983. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and cell division delays in human lymphocytes by microsomal activation of benzene. Cancer Res 43: 1330-1334. Morris, S. 2004. Influence of Attached Garages on Indoor VOC Concentrations in Anchorage Homes. Presentation at the Annual Conference of the Pacific Northwest International Section of the Air & Waste Management Association. November 2004. Portland, Oregon. Moszcznski, P., and Lisiewicz, J. 1982. T and B cells and occupational exposure to benzene and its homologues (with regard to other blood cells). Res Esp Oncol 29: 49-55. Mukhametova, I.M. and Vozovaya, M.A. 1972. Reproductive power and the incidence of gynecological disorders in female workers exposed to the combined effects of benzene and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 16: 6-9 [in IRIS, 1998]. Mullin, A.H., Rando, R., Esmundo, F. et al. 1995. Inhalation of benzene leads to an increase in the mutant frequencies of a lacI transgene in lung and spleen tissues of mice. Mutat Res 327: 121-129. Benzene VCCEP Submission 220 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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