(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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LOAEL Lowest observable adverse effect level MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MDS Myelodysplastic Syndrome or Myelodysplasia mg Milligram mL Milliliter MOPP Murstargen, Oncovin, Prednisone, Procarbazine MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration MTD Maximum Tolerated Dose NATA National Air Toxics Assessment NCEA National Center for Environmental Assessment NCOD National Drinking Water Contaminant Occurrence Database NESCAUM Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level NTI National Toxics Inventory NTP National Toxicology Program OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development OEHHA Office of Environmental and Human Health Assessment (Cal.) OPPTS Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxic Substances (EPA) OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration NCI National Cancer Institute NESHAPs National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NHANES Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHEXAS National Human Exposure Assessment Survey NCOD National Drinking Water Contaminant Occurrence Database NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health PAMS Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations PBPK Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (models, modeling) PEL Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA) POD Point of Departure ppb Part Per Billion ppm Part Per Million PPPA Poison Prevention Packaging Act RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act REL Recommended Exposure Limit RfC Inhalation Reference Concentration RfD Oral Reference Dose RFG Reformulated Gasoline RR Relative Risk SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SD Standard Deviation SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act SDWIS Safe Drinking Water Information System SEM Standard Error of the Mean SIAM SIDS Initial Assessment Meeting SIAP SIDS Information Assessment Profile SIAR Screening Information Assessment Report SIDS Screening Information Data Set Benzene VCCEP Submission Page v March 2006
STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM Total Exposure Assessment Method TERA Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment TLV ® Threshold Limit Value TRI Toxic Release Inventory TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act TWA Time-Weighted Average Typical Exposure An exposure that was calculated using the average or median exposure concentrations in a given dataset (depending on availability) and average or median values for exposure parameters. UCMR Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule UF Uncertainty Factor USGS United States Geological Survey VOC Volatile Organic Compound VCCEP Voluntary Children’s Chemical Evaluation Program WAGM Weighted Average Geometric Mean WBC White Blood Cell WHO World Health Organization Benzene VCCEP Submission Page vi March 2006
Page 1 and 2: Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
Page 3 and 4: 6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
Page 5: Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
Page 9 and 10: enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
Page 11 and 12: A fertility study in female rats ex
Page 13 and 14: estimate is very conservative both
Page 15 and 16: 2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
Page 17 and 18: 2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
Page 19 and 20: Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
Page 21 and 22: 4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
Page 23 and 24: passenger vehicles operated at cold
Page 25 and 26: Benzene has been designated a hazar
Page 27 and 28: products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
Page 29 and 30: 5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
Page 31 and 32: Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
Page 33 and 34: general, the production rate is abo
Page 35 and 36: gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
Page 37 and 38: The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
Page 39 and 40: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 41 and 42: Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
Page 43 and 44: 6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
Page 45 and 46: 6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
Page 47 and 48: that transient, high peak exposures
Page 49 and 50: absorption compared to inhalation,
Page 51 and 52: increased risk of disease. It shoul
Page 53 and 54: The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Page 55 and 56: exposure. This was also supported b
Page 57 and 58:
follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
Page 59 and 60:
development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
Page 61 and 62:
quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
Page 65 and 66:
6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 71 and 72:
Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
Page 73 and 74:
Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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Page 133 and 134:
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
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Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
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Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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the continental U.S. for each leuke
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in significant reductions in benzen
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Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
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Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214:
Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220:
Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230:
Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232:
Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238:
Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240:
Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242:
United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244:
URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246:
Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248:
Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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