(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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2.2 National Human Exposure Assessment Survey The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) was a multimedia exposure survey of 24 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene, conducted in EPA Region 5, Arizona, and Baltimore, Maryland. Hundreds of randomly selected subjects from these areas were evaluated for exposure to benzene from air, food, drinking water, and other beverages. The soil and dust around the participating homes were also assessed for these VOCs. Measurements were also made of chemicals in biological samples (including blood and urine) provided by some participants. Finally, participants completed questionnaires to help identify possible sources of exposure to chemicals. Section 7 addresses the results of this and other exposure assessments. 2.3 Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Data The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study was designed to develop methods to measure individual total exposure (exposure through air, food, and water) and to apply these methods within a probability-based sampling framework to estimate the exposures of urban populations in several U.S. cities. The TEAM study reports the results of eight monitoring studies performed in five communities during different seasons of the year. The exposure information on benzene collected through the TEAM study effort is limited. However, extensive information on benzene exposure is available and is presented in Section 7.2.1.2. Information on benzene exposure from TEAM and many other sources is available in Section 7. 2.4 National Drinking Water Contaminant Occurrence Database: The National Drinking Water Contaminant Occurrence Database (NCOD) provides data on the occurrence and concentration of unregulated contaminants in drinking water. NCOD was developed to satisfy the statutory requirements set by Congress in the 1996 SDWA amendments. The purpose of the database is to support EPA's decisions related to identifying contaminants for regulation and subsequent regulatory development. The NCOD contains occurrence data from both Public Water Systems and other sources (like the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System) on physical, chemical, microbial, and radiological contaminants for both detections and non-detects. NCOD contains occurrence monitoring from sampling locations throughout a Public Water System; therefore, a detection value does not necessarily mean the contaminant would be found at the tap. There are some summary statistics, but no actual analysis of the data is provided. Also, NCOD contains data for only unregulated contaminants that public water systems are required to monitor, even though EPA has not set health-based drinking water maximum contaminant levels for this subset of contaminants. This subset is covered by the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, or UCMR. At present, the NCOD does not contain occurrence data for all water systems and all states. The only Public Water System data contained in NCOD are data that have been reported by states to the Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS). Historical data go back to 1983. Information on benzene in drinking water is addressed in Section 7.2.1.2 of the exposure assessment. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 9
2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of the air monitoring references cited by EPA for the VCCEP program provide data on indoor and/or outdoor air concentrations of benzene. The air data samples reported in these studies were generally collected between the mid-1980s and 1991. The most recent study was conducted by Shields et al. (1996) in March and April 1991 at telecommunication centers, data centers, and administrative offices. Daisey et al. (1994) collected indoor and outdoor air samples at 12 office buildings in the San Franciso Bay area between June and September 1990, including several buildings with indoor air quality complaints. Brown et al. (1994) compiled the results of several previous indoor air studies on established and new buildings and reported benzene air concentrations for dwellings, offices, and a hospital. Samfield (1992) and Shah and Singh (1988) also compiled the results of numerous indoor and outdoor air monitoring studies. Indoor and outdoor air monitoring data are discussed further in Section 7, Exposure Assessment. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 10
Page 1 and 2: Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
Page 3 and 4: 6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
Page 5 and 6: Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
Page 7 and 8: STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
Page 9 and 10: enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
Page 11 and 12: A fertility study in female rats ex
Page 13 and 14: estimate is very conservative both
Page 15: 2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
Page 19 and 20: Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
Page 21 and 22: 4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
Page 23 and 24: passenger vehicles operated at cold
Page 25 and 26: Benzene has been designated a hazar
Page 27 and 28: products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
Page 29 and 30: 5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
Page 31 and 32: Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
Page 33 and 34: general, the production rate is abo
Page 35 and 36: gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
Page 37 and 38: The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
Page 39 and 40: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 41 and 42: Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
Page 43 and 44: 6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
Page 45 and 46: 6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
Page 47 and 48: that transient, high peak exposures
Page 49 and 50: absorption compared to inhalation,
Page 51 and 52: increased risk of disease. It shoul
Page 53 and 54: The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Page 55 and 56: exposure. This was also supported b
Page 57 and 58: follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
Page 59 and 60: development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
Page 61 and 62: quantification of benzene air conce
Page 63 and 64: 4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
Page 65 and 66: 6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
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Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
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Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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the continental U.S. for each leuke
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in significant reductions in benzen
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Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
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Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
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Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
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Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
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Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
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Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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