(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Wallace, L.A. and O’Neill., 1987. Exposures to benzene and other volatile compounds from active and passive smoking. Archives of Environmental Health, 42(5): 272-279. Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Whitmore, R., Perritt, R. and Sheldon, L.S.1988. The California TEAM study: breath concentrations and personal exposures to 26 volatile organic compounds in air and drinking water of 188 residents of Los Angeles, Antioch, and Pittsburg, CA. Atmospheric Environment, 22(10): 2141-2163. Wallace, L.A. 1989a. Major sources of benzene exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 82: 165-169. Wallace, L.A. 1989b. The exposure of the general population to benzene. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 5(3): 297-314. Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Davis, V., Michael, L.C. and Whitmore, R.W. 1989c. The influence of personal activities on exposure to volatile organic compounds. Environmental Research, 50:37-55. Wallace, L., Nelson, W., Ziegenfus, R., Pellizzari, E., Michael, L., Whitmore, R., Zelon, H., Hartwell, T., Perritt, R., and Westerdahl, D. 1991a. The Los Angeles TEAM Study: Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor air concentrations, and breath concentrations of 25 volatile organic compounds. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 1: 157-92. Wallace, L.A. 1991b. Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 95: 7-13. Wallace, L.A. 1996. Environmental exposure to benzene: An update. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(Suppl. 6)1129-1136. Wallace, L.A. 2001. Human Exposure to Volatile Organic Pollutants: Implications for Indoor Air Studies. Annual Reviews Energy and the Environment, 26:269-301. Ward, C.O., Kuna, R.A., Snyder, N.K. et al. 1985. Subchronic inhalation toxicity of benzene in rats and mice. Am J Ind Med 7: 457-473. Ward E, Hornung R, Morris J, Rinsky R, Wild D, Halperin W, Guthrie W (1996) Risk of low red or white blood cell count related to estimated benzene exposure in a rubberworker cohort (1940-1975). Am.J.Ind.Med. 29:247-257 Ward, J.B., Ammenhauser, M.M., Ramanujam, V.M., et al. 1992. The mutagenic effects of low level sub-acute inhalation exposure to benzene in CD-1 mice. Mutat Res 268: 49-57. Watanabe, T., Endo, A., Kato, Y., Shirma, S., and Ikeda, M. (1980). Cytogenetics and cytokinetics of cultured lymphocytes from benzene exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 31-41. Weisel, C.P., Lawryk, N.J., and Lioy, P.J. 1992. Exposure to emissions from gasoline within automobile cabins. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2(1):79-96. Weisel C, Yu R, Roy A, Georgopoulos P. 1996. Biomarkers of environmental benzene exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 104 Suppl 6:1141-6. Benzene VCCEP Submission 237 March 2006
Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposure to air toxics relative to asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives, 11(suppl. 4): 527-537. Weisel, C.P.; J. Zhang; B. Turpin; M.T. Morandi; S. Colome, Stock, T.H., and Spektor, D.M. 2005. Research Report : Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA). Part 1 Collection Methods and Descriptive Analyses. Health Effects Institue. Number 130 Part 1, November 2005. Weiskotten HG, Schwartz SC, Steensland HS (1916) The action of benzol. II. The deuterophase of the diphasic leucopenia and antigen-antibody reaction. J.Med.Res. 35:63-79 Weiskotten HG, Steensland HS (1917) The action of benzol: IV. Spontaneous infections with special Reference to the diphasic leucopenia (Rabbit). J.Med.Res. 37:215-223 Wen CP, Tsai SP, McClellan WA, Gibson RL (1983) Long-term mortality study of oil refinery workers. Am.J.Epidemiol. 118:526-542 Wennborg, H, Magnusson, L, Bonde, J, and Olsen, J (2005) Congenital malformations related to maternal exposure to specific agents in biomedical research laboratories. JOEM 47, 11-19 Westbrook CA, Hsu WT, Chyna B, Litvak D, Raza A, Horrigan SK (2000) Cytogenetic and molecular diagnosis of chromosome 5 deletions in myelodysplasia. Br.J.Haematol. 110:847- 855 White, K.L., Jr., Lysy, H.H., Munson, J.A., et al. 1984. Immunosupression of B6C3F1 female mice following subchronic exposure to benzene for drinking water. TSCA 8E submission: OTS Fiche #OTS0536214 [in IRIS, 1998]. White MC, Infante PF, Chu KC (1982) A quantitative estimate of leukemia mortality associated with occupational exposure to benzene. Risk Anal. 2:195-204 Whysner, J., Verna, L., English, J.C., and Williams, G.M. 1995. Analysis of studies related to tumorigenicity induced by hydroquinone. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 21: 158-176. Whysner, J. 2000. Benzene-induced genotoxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health (A) 61: 347-351 Whysner, J., Reddy, V., Ross, P., Mohan, M., and Lax, E. (2004). Genotoxicity of benzene and its metabolites. Mutation Research 566, 99-130. Williams PR, Paustenbach DJ. (2003). Reconstruction of benzene exposure for the Pliofilm cohort (1936-1976) using Monte Carlo techniques. J Toxicol Environ Health A. Apr 25;66(8):677-781. Williams R, Stegans N, Goldsmith J (1977) Associations of cancer site and type with occupation and industry from the Third National cancer Survey. JNCI 59:1147 Winick NJ, McKenna RW, Shuster JJ, Schneider NR, Borowitz MJ, Bowman WP, JacarusoD, Kamen BA, Buchanan GR. (1993). Secondary acute myeloid leukemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with etoposide. J Clin Oncol. 11(2):209-217. February. Benzene VCCEP Submission 238 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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