(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Block M, Jacobson LO, Bethard WF (1953) Preleukemic acute human leukemia. JAMA 152(11):1018-1028 Bird M, Greim H, Snyder R, Rice, J. (2005). International symposium: Recent advances in benzene toxicity. Chemico-Biological Interactions 153-154:1-5. Bodell, W.J., Lévay, G., and Pongracz, K. 1993. Investigation of benzene DNA adducts and their detection in human bone marrow. Environ Health Perspect 99: 241-244. Bolstad-Johnson, D. M., Burgess, J. L., Crutchfield, C. D., Storment, S., Gerkin, R., and Wilson, J. R. 2000. Characterization of firefighter exposures during fire overhaul. AIHA Journal, 61: 636-641. Bond GG, McLaren EA, Baldwin CL, Cook RR (1986) An update of mortality among chemical workers exposed to benzene. Br.J.Ind.Med. 43:685-691 Bond, G. G., McLaren, E. A., Cartmill, J. B., Wymer, K. T., Sobel, W., Lipps, T. E., and Cook, R. R. (1987) Cause-specific mortality among male chemical workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 12(4), 353-83. Bozzelli, J.W.; Kebbekus, B; Bobenhausen, C. 1995. Analysis of selected volatile organic compounds associated with residential kerosene heater use. International Journal of Environmental Studies INT. J. ENVIRON. STUD. SECT. B, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 125-131. Brandt L, Nilsson PG, Mitelman F (1978) Occupational Exposure to Petroleum Products in Men with Acute Non-Lymphocytic Leukemia. BMJ March 4:553 Brown EA, Shelley ML, Fisher JW. (1998). A pharmacokinetic study of occupational and environmental benzene exposure with regard to gender. Risk. Anal. 18(2):205-13. Brown, S.K., M.R. Sim, M.J. Abramson and C.N. Gray. 1994. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in indoor air – a review. Indoor Air, 4:123-134. Brown, V.M. and Crump, D.R. 1998. The use of diffusive samplers for the measurement of volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of 44 homes in Southampton. Indoor Built Environment, 7:245-253. Brownell. WF. 1998. Clean Air Handbook – 3 rd Edition. Hunton & Williams, Washington, D.C. February 1998. 324 pages. Brunnemann, K. D., Kagan, M. R., Cox, J. E., and Hoffmann, D. 1990a. Determination of benzene, toluene, and 1,3-butadiene in cigarette smoke by GC-MSD. Exposure Pathology, 37: 108-113. Brunnemann, K. D., Kagan, M. R., Cox, J. E., and Hoffmann, D. 1990b. Analysis of 1,3butadiene and other selected gas-phase components in cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke by gas chromatography-mass selective detection. Carcinogenesis, 11(10): 1863-1868. Benzene VCCEP Submission 201 March 2006
Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swotinsky, R., et al. 1989. Occupational exposures of parents of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a report from the Children’s Cancer Study Group. Cancer Res 49: 4030-4037. Buckley T.J., Weaver, V.M., Payne-Sturges, D.C. and Kim, S. 2005. VOC Exposure in an Industry-Impacted Community. NUATRC Research Report Number 4. Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 1998a. Measuring Concentrations of Selected Air Pollutants Inside California Vehicles. Rhodes, C., Sheldon, L., Whitaker, D., Clayton, A., Fitzgerald, K., Flanagan, J., DiGenova, F., Frazier, C. and Hering, S. 1998. Contract No. 95- 339, Final Report, December 1998. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 1998b. Fact Sheet – Reducing pollution from small engines. (http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/offroad/sm_en_fs.pdf). Accessed 7/24/03. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2000. California Ambient Toxics Monitoring Network, 1997-1999 summary statistics, Sacramento, CA Carpenter, C.P., Shaffer, C.B., Weil, C.S., and Smith, H.F. 1944. Studies on the inhalation of 1,3 butadiene; with comparison of its narcotic effect with benzol, toluol, and styrene, and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 26: 69-78. Castoldi, G. (1992). Morphologic, immunologic and cytogenetic studies in acute myeloid leukemia following occupational exposure to pesticides and organic solvents. Leuk.Res. 16, 789-796 Chan, C.C., Ozkaynak, H., Spengler, J.D. and Sheldon, L. 1991a. Commuter exposures to VOCs in Boston, Massachusetts. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. 41: 1594-1600. Chan, C.C., Spengler, J.D., Ozkaynak, H., and Lefkopoulou, M. 1991b. Driver exposure to volatile organic compounds, CO, ozone, and NO2 under different driving conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 25:964-972. Chang, L.T., Koutrakis, P., Catalano, P.J., and Suh, H.H. 2000. Hourly personal exposures to fine particles and gaseous pollutants – results from Baltimore, Maryland. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 50:1223-1235. Chang, R.L., Wong, C.Q., Kline, S.A., et al. 1994. Mutagenicity of trans, trans-muconaldehyde and its metabolites in V79 cells. Environ Molecul Mutagen 24: 112-115. Chemical and Engineering News (CEN). 2001. Facts and figures: production. June 25, 2001. pp. 44-51. Accessed at pubs.acs.org/cen. Chemical Market Reporter (CMR). 2002. Chemical profile for benzene. November 10, 2002. Chemical Week, 2006. Product focus for benzene. January 4, 2006. Chen, D, Cho, S, Chen, C, Wang, X, Damokosh, A, Ryan, L, Smith, T, Christiani, D, and Xu, X (2000) Exposure to benzene, occupational stress, and reduced birth weight. OEM 57, 661-667 Benzene VCCEP Submission 202 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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