(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Andersen M, Sarangapani R, Gentry R, Clewell H, Covington T, Frederick CB. (2000). Application of a hybrid CFD-PBPK nasal dosimetry model in an inhalation risk assessment: an example with acrylic acid. Toxicol Sci. 57(2):312-25. October. Anderson, D., and Richardson, C.R. 1981. Issues relevant to the assessment of chemically induced chromosome damage in vivo and their relationship to chemical mutagenesis. Mutat Res 90:261-272. Anderson RL, Bagby GCJr, Richert-Boe K, Magenis RE, Koler RD (1981) Therapy-related preleukemic syndrome. Cancer 47:1867-1871 Anderson, K., Nilsen, O.G., Toftgard, R., et al. 1983. Increased amine turnover in several hypothalamic noradrenaline nerve terminal systems and changes in prolactin secretion in the male rat by exposure to various concentrations or toluene. Neurotoxicology 4: 43-55. Andrews LS, Lee EW, Witmer CM, Kocsis JJ, Snyder RS (1977) Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hematopoietic toxicity of benzene. Biochem.Pharmacol. 26:293- 300 Andrews LS, Sasame HA, Gillette JR (1979) 3 H-benzene metabolism in rabbit bone marrow. Life Sci 25:567-572 Angelosanto, F.A., Blackburn, G.R., Schreiner, C.A., and Mackerer, C.R. 1996. Benzene induces a dose-responsive increase in the frequency of micronucleated cells in rat Zymbal glands. Environ Health Perspect 104: 1331-1136. Aoyama. 1986. Effects of benzene inhalation on lymphocyte subpopulations and immune response in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 85: 92-101. Arfellini, G., Grilli, S., Colacci, A., et al. 1985. In vivo and in vitro binding of benzene to nucleic acids and proteins of various rat and mouse organs. Cancer Lett 28: 159-168. Ashby, J.A., deSerres, F.J., Draper, M., et al. 1985. Overview and conclusions of the IPCS collaborative study on in vitro assay systems. In: Ashby, J., deSerres, F.J., Draper, M., Ishidate, M. Jr., Margolin, B.H., Matter, B.E., and Shelby, M.D., eds. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogenesis: report of the International Programme on Chemical Safety’s collaborative study on in vitro assays. Vol. 5., Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. pp.117-174. Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, McCraw JM and Wooten JV. 1994. Blood concentrations of volatile organic chemicals in a non-occupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure. Clin Chem 40: 1401-1404. Au, W.W., Cantelli-Forti, G., Hrelia, P., and Legator, M.S. 1990. Cytogenetic assays in genotoxic studies: Somatic cell effects of benzene and germinal cell effects of dibromochloropropane. Teratog, Carcino, Mutag 10: 125-134. Aubrecht, J. Rugo, and Schiestl. R.H. 1995. Carcinogens induce intrachromosomal recombination in human cells. Carcinogenesis 16: 2841-2846. Aul C, Bowen DT, Yoshida Y (1998) Pathogenesis, etiology and epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica 83:71-86 Benzene VCCEP Submission 199 March 2006
Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon, D.J., and Dussault, G. 2001a. Characterization of volatile organic compounds in smoke at municipal structural fires. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 63: 437-458. Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon, D.J., and Dussault, G. 2001b. Characterization of volatile organic compounds in smoke at experimental fires. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 63(3): 192-206. Austin H, Cole P, McCraw DS (1986) A case-control study of leukemia at an oil refinery. J.Occup.Med. 28(11):1169-1173 Austin H, Delzell E, Cole P (1988) Benzene and Leukemia: A Review of the Literature and a Risk Assessment. Am.J.Epidemiol. 127(3):419-439 Austin S, Schnatter R (1983) A cohort mortality study of petrochemical workers. J of Occupational Medicine 25:304-312 Avis, S.P., and Hutton, M.D. 1993. Acute benzene poisoning: A report of three fatalities. J Forsenic Sci 38: 599-602. Axelsson, G, Luetz, C, and Rylander, R (1984) Exposure to solvents and outcome of pregnancy in university laboratory employees. Br J Ind Med 41, 305-312 Backer, L.C., Egeland, G.M., Ashley, D.L., Lawryk, N.J., Weisel, C.P., White, M.C., Bundy, T., Shortt, E., and Middaugh, J. P. 1997. Exposure to regular gasoline and ethanol oxyfuel during refueling in Alaska. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105(8):105-108. Bailey, C. 2001. United States of Environmental Protection Memorandum Regarding Predicted Benzene Exposures and Ambient Concentrations on or near Snowmobile Trails. August. Bakerman S (2002) Bakerman's ABC's of interpretive laboratory data. Interpretive Laboratory Data, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ Barrett J, Saunthararajah Y, Molldrem J (2000) Myelodysplastic syndrome and aplastic anemia: Distinct entities or diseases linked by a common pathophysiology? Semin.Hematol. 37:15-29 Batterman, S.A., Peng, C.-Y. and Braun, J. 2002. Levels and composition of volatile organic compounds on commuting routes in Detroit Michigan. Atmospheric Environment, 35:6015- 6030. Baslo, A., and Aksoy, M. 1982. Neurological abnormalities in chronic benzene poisoning: A study of 6 patients with aplastic anemia and 2 with preleukemia. Environ Res 27: 457-465. Beaumont, M., Sanz, M., Carli, P. M., Maloisel, X., Thomas, L., and Fenaux, P. (2003). Therapy-related Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 21, 2123-2137. Bhatia, S, and Neglia, J (1995) Epidemiology of childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. J Pediatr Hematology Oncol 17, 94-100. Benzene VCCEP Submission 200 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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