(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Table 7.10: Summary of Current Published Indoor Air Studies of Benzene Study Location and Date Adgate et al., 2004a Adgate et al., 2004b Bozzelli, et al., 1995 Buckley, et al., 2005 Clayton et al., 1999 Minneapolis, MN, St. Paul, MN, Rice County MN, and Goodhue County MN 1997 Minneapolis, MN 2000 Elizabeth, NJ Prior to 1994 South Baltimore, and Hampden MD Jan 2000 – July 2001 EPA Region 5 (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin 1995 - 1997 Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Indoor Concentration (µg/m 3 ) 3.9 (mean) 2.8 (25 th percentile) 3.1 (50 th percentile) 7.5 (95 th percentile) 2.2 (median) 0.7(avg of winter and spring 10 th percentiles) 6.7 (avg of winter and spring 90 th percentiles) 109 Notes Evaluated 101 private residences for indoor air, outdoor air and personal air concentrations of VOCs. Examined both urban and non-urban households and included smoking and nonsmoking households and those with and without attached garages Evaluated 113 different households measuring indoor home air, outdoor air, in-school air and personal air concentrations of VOCs in an urban area. Both single family homes (43%) and apartments (55%) were surveyed, and included both smoking and non-smoking households. 12 – 17 Evaluated indoor air impacts during use of kerosene heaters. Data on this table is without the heaters in use. 1.9 (mean) 1.0 (25 th percentile) 1.9 (50 th percentile) 3.0 (90 th percentile) 7.21 (mean) 4.35 (median) 12.95 (90 th percentile) Evaluated 36 non-smoking homes in South Baltimore and 21 non-smoking homes in Hampden, MD for outdoor, indoor and personal air VOC exposures. Children were included in the personal monitoring program. Questionnaires were provided to each household to document indoor activities and home characteristics. This is a report of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) Phase I field study and included 402 indoor air measurements for 4 different VOCs. Both urban and non-urban households were included in the study including those with attached garages
Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location and Date Gordon et al., 1999 Hodgson et al., 2000 Kinney et al., 2002 Phillips et al., 2004 Van Winkle and Scheff, 2001 Arizona 1995 - 1998 East and Southeast US November 19, 1997 and May 1, 1998 New York City, NY 1999 Oklahoma City, OK; Tulsa, OK; Ponca City, OK; Stillwater, OK 2000 - 2001 Chicago, IL 1994 - 1995 Weisel, 2005 Los Angeles, CA; Houston, TX and Elizabeth, NJ Summer 1999 through Spring 2000 Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Indoor Concentration (µg/m 3 ) 1.3 (median) 4.0 (75 th percentile) 9.5 (90 th percentile) 90 (maximum) 110 Notes This is a report of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) Phase I conducted in Arizona. 185 households were included in the study including those with attached garages. 1.6 – 4.8 Measured values in 11 newly constructed homes prior to occupancy. Both manufactured and site-built homes included 5.97; 1.75(winter and summer means, ranges not reported) 0.62 (median, day) 1.2 (median, night) 14 (max day) 110 (max night) 1.3 – 34 2.9 (median) 3.5 (mean) 0.48 (5 th percentile) 2.19 (50 th percentile) 10 (95 th percentile) Study of 8 homes to characterize personal exposures to urban air toxics in inner city neighborhoods. Study of 37 U.S. homes in urban and rural Oklahoma to characterize indoor, outdoor and personal air concentrations of various VOCs. Presence of refinery was a primary factor investigated. Study of 10 homes where simultaneous indoor and outdoor samples were collected. Studies were conducted in three urban centers and measured benzene among 16 VOCs to evaluate the relationship between outdoor, indoor and personal air. For all three cities combined, 554 indoor air samples for benzene were collected. The average of the medians, 2.5 µg/m 3 was used as the exposure point concentration for the typical indoor air concentration. As indicated in Table 7.10, indoor air concentrations will vary greatly from home to home depending on the presence of various sources. High-end indoor air concentrations of benzene were estimated by evaluating source specific contributions to the indoor air. Unlike toluene and
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
Page 65 and 66: 6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
Page 67 and 68: eakage and loss was comparable whet
Page 69 and 70: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 71 and 72: Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
Page 73 and 74: Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
Page 75 and 76: 6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
Page 77 and 78: induce solid tumors in animals in t
Page 79 and 80: mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
Page 81 and 82: decreases in maternal weight gain,
Page 87 and 88: increased resorptions. The effects
Page 89 and 90: proposed that transplacental effect
Page 91 and 92: glycerol lysis time, and incidence
Page 93 and 94: 6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
Page 95 and 96: LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
Page 97 and 98: the measurements of doses are suspe
Page 99 and 100: intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
Page 101 and 102: 2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
Page 103 and 104: 7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
Page 105 and 106: throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
Page 107 and 108: 7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
Page 113 and 114: Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
Page 115: Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
Page 121 and 122: factor change attributable to benze
Page 123 and 124: where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
Page 125 and 126: Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
Page 135 and 136: In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
Page 139 and 140: e similar to those in other U.S. st
Page 141 and 142: vehicle); the total amount of time
Page 143 and 144: use of small non-road engine equipm
Page 145 and 146: Children may be exposed to benzene
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
Page 149 and 150: An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
Page 151 and 152: In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
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Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
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Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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the continental U.S. for each leuke
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in significant reductions in benzen
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Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
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Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
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Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
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Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
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Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
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Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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