(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Crump, K.S. 1996. Risk of benzene-induced leukemia predicted from the Pliofilm cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Dec;104 Suppl 6:1437-41. Cuneo, A., Fagioli, F., Pazzi, I., Tallarico, A., Previati, R., Piva, N., Carli, G. M., Balboni, M., and Castoldi, G. (1992). Morphologic, immunologic and cytogenetic studies in acute myeloid leukemia following occupational exposure to pesticides and organic solvents. Leuk.Res. 16, 789-796 Dagg TG, Satin KP, Bailey WJ, Wong O, Harmon LL, Swencicki RE (1992) An updated cause specific mortality study of petroleum refinery workers. Br.J.Ind.Med. 49:203-212. Daisey, J.M. et al. 1994. Toxic volatile organic compounds in environmental tobacco smoke: emission factors for modeling exposures of California populations. Prepared for California Air Resources Board. October. Darrall, K.G., Figgins, J.A., Brown, R.D., and Phillips, G.F. 1998. Determination of benzene and associated volatile compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke. Analyst,123: 1095-1101. Department of Energy (DOE). 2000. International Energy Annual 2000. DOE Office of Energy Markets and End Use Energy Information Administration. DOE/EIA-0219(2000). De Renzo A, Santoro LFE, Notaro R, Pane F, Buonaiuto MR, Luciano L, Rotoli B (1999) Acute promyelocytic leukemia after treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with drugs targeting topoisomerase II. Am.J.Hematol. 60:300-304 Dean, B.J. 1985. Recent findings on the genetic toxicology of benzene, toluene, xylenes, and phenols. Mutat Res 154: 153-181. Decouflé P, Blattner WA, Blair A (1983) Mortality among chemical workers exposed to benzene and other agents. Environ.Res. 30:16-25 Deley, M., Leblanc, T., Shamsaldin, A., ARaguin, M., Lacour, B., Sommelet, D., Chompret, A., Cayuela, J., Bayle, C., Bernheim, A., Vathaire, F., Vassal, G., and Hill, C. (2003). Risk of secondary leukemia after a solid tumor in childhood according to the dose of epipodophyllotoxins and anthrcyclines: a case-control study by the Societe Francaise d'Oncologie Pediatrique. Journal of Clincial Oncology 21, 1074-1081. Delore P, Borgomano (1928) Leucémie aiguë au cours de l'Intoxication benzénique. J.Méd.Lyon 9:227-233 Dempster, A.M., Evans, H.L., and C.A. Snyder. 1984. The temporal relationship between behavioral and hematological effects of inhaled benzene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 76: 195-203. Dennison JE, Andersen ME, Clewell HJ, Yang RS. (2004). Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for volatile fractions of gasoline using chemical lumping analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38(21):5674-81. De Renzo, A., Santoro, L. F. E., Notaro, R., Pane, F., Buonaiuto, M. R., Luciano, L., and Rotoli, B. (1999). Acute promyelocytic leukemia after treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with drugs targeting topoisomerase II. Am.J.Hematol. 60, 300-304. Benzene VCCEP Submission 205 March 2006
Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al. 1983. Chromosome changes in patients with chronic benzene poisoning. Chinese Med J (Peking English Ed.) 96: 681-685. Divine, B. J. and Barron, V. (1987). Texaco mortality study: III. A cohort study of producing and pipeline workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(2), 189-202. Donaldson. (1993). Lessons for our children. Int. J. of Radiation Biology and Physiology 26, 739-749. Dor, F., Le Moullec, Y. and Festy, B. 1995. Exposure of city residents to carbon monoxide and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during commuting trips in the Paris metropolitan area. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 45: 103-110. Dourson, M. 1993. Modifying uncertainty factors for noncancer endpoints. Advanced Topics in Risk Assessment, Society of Toxicology 1993 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Dowty, B.J., Laseter, J.L., and Storer, J. 1976. The transplacental migration and accumulation in blood of volatile organic constituents. Pediatr Res 10: 696-701. Drew, R.T., and Fouts, J.R. 1974. The lack of effects of pretreatment with phenobarbitol and chlorpromazine on the acute toxicity of benzene in rats. Toxicol. Appl Pharmacol 27: 183-193. Duarte-Davidson, R., Courage, C., Rushton, L., and Levy, L. (2001) Benzene in the environment: an assessment of the potential risks to the health of the population. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 58(1), 2-13 Eastern Research Group, Inc (ERG). 2001. Gasoline Marketing (Stage I and Stage II). Revised Final. Prepared for Area Sources Committee Emission Inventory Improvement Program, EPA. January 2001. Eastmond, D.A. 1993. Induction of micronuclei and aneuploidy by the quinone-forming agents benzene and o-phenylphenol. Toxicol Lett 67: 105-118. Eastmond, D.A., Rupa, D.S., and Hasegawa, L.S. 1994. Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes. Mutat Res 322: 9-20. Eastmond, D.A., Smith, M.T., and Irons, R.D. 1987. An interaction of benzene metabolites reproduces the myelotoxicity observed with benzene exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 91: 85- 95. ECB. (2003). Risk assessment: Benzene. European Chemicals Bureau, Toxicology and Chemical Substances, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission. Egeghy, P.P., Tornero-Velez, R., and Rappaport, S.M. 2000. Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene during self-service automobile refueling. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(12):1195-1202. Benzene VCCEP Submission 206 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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