(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Table 7.12: Summary of Benzene Measurements from Attached Garage Studies in Alaska Study Location Isbell et al., 1999 Schalapia and Morris, (1998) Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Number of Small Engines in Garage Benzene Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Home 1 0 3.8 Home 2 4 230.4 Home 3 0 1.3 Home 4 2 109.4 Home 5 0 16.3 Home 6 0 17 Home 7 0 35.8 Home 8 1 28.2 91 homes with attached garages Morris, (2004) 46 single family homes with attached garages Study Mean: 55.3 Min = 0.64 Max = 1,161 Arithmetic mean = 71.5 Geometric mean = 21 Mean = 24.2 Median = 16.4 Max = 113 7.2.1.6 Daily Doses for Ambient Indoor Air 115 Comments Fairbanks, AK, July 1998. Benzene content in gasoline 3 - 4%. Information about automobiles parked in garages not given. Reported benzene concentrations were strongly correlated to the number of small engines (snowmobiles, snow blowers, chainsaws, etc.) stored in the garage. Location(s) sampled within the home were not discussed. Anchorage, AK, 1994 – 1996. Benzene content in gasoline from 2 major distributors in Anchorage ranged from 2.2 – 4.5%. Homes included single and multifamily structures, and approximately 15% of the homes were considered smoking households. No significant difference was found between homes with at least one smoker and those without. Benzene higher in homes with cars parked in garages, with forced air heating systems, a living area above the garage, and a fuel container opened within 3 days of indoor air testing. Anchorage, AK, 2003 – 2004. Benzene content in gasoline described as 3.9% in presentation, though source is unclear. AAM survey indicates benzene levels in Alaskan gasoline ranged from 3.3 - 3.8 in 2003 and 2.1 – 3.5% in 2004. Homes included single family homes with attached garages that were selected as representative based on age of home and square footage. Air exchange rates were measured for each home and the garage. No significant association was shown between the benzene level in the garage and the number of vehicles parked in the garage, the age of vehicles in the garage, and the number of trips originating from the garage. Age-specific average daily doses were calculated for in-home exposures using 2.5 µg/m 3 as the typical in-home exposure concentration (average of the median values presented on Table 7.10), and 11.5 µg/m 3 as the high-end exposure concentration from the attached garage study of Adgate et al. (2004b). Exposures were also quantified for residents in Alaska using the mean concentration of 24.2 µg/m 3 from Morris (2004). Exposure was quantified according to the following equation: C × ED × EF × ET × IR × ABSi × CF ADD = BW × AT
where: ADD = average daily dose (mg/kg-day) C = concentration benzene in home air (µg/m 3 ) ED = exposure duration (years) EF = exposure frequency (days/year) ET = exposure time (hours/day) ABSi = benzene inhalation absorption factor; 0.5 (unitless) CF = conversion factor (0.001 mg/µg) IR = inhalation rate (m 3 /hour) BW = body weight (kg) AT = averaging time (days) The age-specific ADDs from in-home benzene exposures are presented in Tables 7.13-16. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Table 7.13: ADDS from School Day In-Home Benzene Exposures Exposure Parameter Units 1 to
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 71 and 72: Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
Page 73 and 74: Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
Page 75 and 76: 6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
Page 77 and 78: induce solid tumors in animals in t
Page 79 and 80: mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
Page 81 and 82: decreases in maternal weight gain,
Page 83 and 84: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 87 and 88: increased resorptions. The effects
Page 89 and 90: proposed that transplacental effect
Page 91 and 92: glycerol lysis time, and incidence
Page 93 and 94: 6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
Page 95 and 96: LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
Page 97 and 98: the measurements of doses are suspe
Page 99 and 100: intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
Page 101 and 102: 2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
Page 103 and 104: 7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
Page 105 and 106: throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
Page 107 and 108: 7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
Page 113 and 114: Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
Page 115 and 116: Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
Page 121: factor change attributable to benze
Page 125 and 126: Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
Page 135 and 136: In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
Page 139 and 140: e similar to those in other U.S. st
Page 141 and 142: vehicle); the total amount of time
Page 143 and 144: use of small non-road engine equipm
Page 145 and 146: Children may be exposed to benzene
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
Page 149 and 150: An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
Page 151 and 152: In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
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Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
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Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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the continental U.S. for each leuke
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in significant reductions in benzen
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Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
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Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
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Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
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Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
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Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
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Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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