(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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The OSHA Hazard Communication standard, 29CFR 1910.1200, requires that manufacturers list the chemical name of all carcinogenic ingredients which have been determined to be health hazards under the following conditions: • The chemical is present in an amount equal to or greater than 0.1% by weight; or • The chemical is present in an amount less than 0.1% by weight, but there is evidence that use of the product could result in an air concentration that would exceed the OSHA PEL (1 ppm for benzene) or ACGIH TLV ® (0.5 ppm for benzene), or that the product could present a health risk to employees. Based on the MSDS verification, benzene is not present in any consumer products in levels that exceed the weight content detection limit of 0.1% and that usage of the products in accordance with the label directions would not result in air concentrations exceeding the ACGIH TLV ® or present an appreciable health risk to the user. Due to lower exposure duration and usage amount for amateurs versus professionals, the typical amateur use of consumer products such as carburetor cleaner with trace levels of benzene is expected to result in air concentrations well below the ACGIH TLV ® of 0.5 ppm. Therefore, except for gasoline, it is concluded based on the CPSC findings, MSDS survey and the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard that exposure to benzene in consumer products is negligible and therefore no further evaluation of children’s exposure to benzene in consumer products has been conducted. 7.3 Summary of Children’s Exposures Childhood exposure to benzene has been quantified in terms of background exposures and specific source exposures. Table 7.49 is a summary of the exposures expressed as annual average daily doses calculated for each type of exposure. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 149
Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific Benzene Doses (mg/kg-day) Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 150 Age Group 19 to < 36 year old female 19 to < 36 year old male < 1 1 to < 2 2 to < 6 6 to < 16 16 to < 19 Scenario year old year old year old year old year old BACKGROUND DOSES - OUTDOOR AIR Ambient Outdoor Air - School Day/Work Day Rural - Typical -- 2.3E-06 1.1E-05 3.6E-06 3.0E-06 -- -- Rural - High-end -- 3.2E-06 1.5E-05 5.0E-06 4.2E-06 -- -- Urban - Typical -- 5.1E-06 2.4E-05 7.8E-06 6.6E-06 -- -- Urban - High-end -- 1.4E-05 6.8E-05 2.2E-05 1.9E-05 -- -- Ambient Outdoor Air - Non-School/Non-Work Day Rural - Typical 1.3E-05 7.2E-06 1.2E-05 5.1E-06 3.8E-06 4.1E-06 4.5E-06 Rural - High-end 1.8E-05 1.0E-05 1.6E-05 7.1E-06 5.2E-06 5.6E-06 6.2E-06 Urban - Typical 2.9E-05 1.6E-05 2.5E-05 1.1E-05 8.2E-06 8.9E-06 9.7E-06 Urban - High-end Ambient Outdoor Air - Total 8.1E-05 4.4E-05 7.1E-05 3.1E-05 2.3E-05 2.5E-05 2.7E-05 Rural - Typical 1.3E-05 9.5E-06 2.3E-05 8.7E-06 6.8E-06 4.1E-06 4.5E-06 Rural - High-end 1.8E-05 1.3E-05 3.2E-05 1.2E-05 9.4E-06 5.6E-06 6.2E-06 Urban - Typical 2.9E-05 2.1E-05 5.0E-05 1.9E-05 1.5E-05 8.9E-06 9.7E-06 Urban - High-end 8.1E-05 5.8E-05 1.4E-04 5.3E-05 4.2E-05 2.5E-05 2.7E-05 BACKGROUND DOSES - INDOOR AIR In Home - School Day/Work Day Typical -- 3.0E-04 2.2E-04 1.2E-04 7.9E-05 -- -- High-end -- 1.4E-03 1.0E-03 5.4E-04 3.6E-04 -- -- In Home - Non-School /Non-Work Day Typical 7.1E-04 3.3E-04 2.5E-04 1.6E-04 1.2E-04 2.0E-04 2.2E-04 High-end 3.2E-03 1.5E-03 1.2E-03 7.6E-04 5.3E-04 9.2E-04 1.0E-03 In Home – Total Typical 7.1E-04 6.3E-04 4.7E-04 2.8E-04 1.9E-04 2.0E-04 2.2E-04 High-end 3.2E-03 2.9E-03 2.2E-03 1.3E-03 8.9E-04 9.2E-04 1.0E-03 Alaska 6.8E-03 3.2E-03 2.5E-03 1.6E-03 1.1E-03 1.9E-03 2.1E-03 In School Typical -- 1.7E-05 2.4E-05 3.0E-05 2.3E-05 -- -- High-end -- 8.3E-05 1.2E-04 1.4E-04 1.1E-04 -- -- In-Vehicle Typical 9.0E-05 7.7E-05 7.6E-05 4.7E-05 3.6E-05 2.8E-05 3.1E-05 BACKGROUND DOSES - FOOD & WATER Food & Tap Water Ingestion Urban - Typical 3.6E-05 4.0E-05 3.8E-05 1.5E-05 9.1E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 Urban - High-end 7.9E-04 5.9E-04 4.0E-04 1.9E-04 1.3E-04 1.3E-04 1.3E-04 Occupational - Typical 2.3E-04 -- -- -- -- -- -- Occupational - High-end 1.5E-03 -- -- -- -- -- --
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
Page 105 and 106: throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
Page 107 and 108: 7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
Page 113 and 114: Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
Page 115 and 116: Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
Page 121 and 122: factor change attributable to benze
Page 123 and 124: where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
Page 125 and 126: Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
Page 131 and 132: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 133 and 134: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 135 and 136: In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
Page 139 and 140: e similar to those in other U.S. st
Page 141 and 142: vehicle); the total amount of time
Page 143 and 144: use of small non-road engine equipm
Page 145 and 146: Children may be exposed to benzene
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
Page 149 and 150: An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
Page 151 and 152: In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
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Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
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Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
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Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
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Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
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Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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