(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Seiji, K., Jin, C., Watanabe, T., et al. 1990. Sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of workers exposed to benzene, trichloroethylene, or tetrachloroethylene, with reference to smoking habits. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62: 171-176. Seixas, G.M., Andon, B.M., Hollingshead, P.G., et al. 1982. The aza-arenes as mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 102: 201-212. Selling L (1916) Benzol as a leucotoxin: studies on the degeneration and regeneration of the blood and haematopoietic organs. J.H.Med.Rep. 17:83-142. Sellyei, M., and Kelemen, E. 1971. Chromosome study in a case of granulocytic leukemia with “pelgerisation” seven years after benzene cytopenia. Eur. J Cancer 7: 83-85. Shah, J., and Sinh, H. 1988. Distribution of volatile organic chemicals in outdoor and indoor air: A national VOCs data base. Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 22, No. 12, 1381-1388. Shaw, G., Lavey, R., Jackson, R., and Austin, 1984. Association of childhood leukemia with maternal age, birth order, and parental occupation. A case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 119: 788-795. Sheets P and Carlson G (2004). Kinetic factors involved in the metabolism of benzene in mouse lung and liver. J Toxicol Env Health Part A. 67: 421-430. Sherwood RJ, Sinclair GC. (1999). New PBPK model applied to old occupational exposure to benzene. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 60(2):259-65. Shields, et al. 1996. A field study of indoor and outdoor concentrations from 70 commercial buildings with different occupant densities. Indoor Air, 6:2-17 Shimizu, M., Yasui, Y., and Matsumoto, N. 1983. Structural specificity of aromatic compounds with special reference to mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium – a series of chloro- or fluro-nitrobenzene derivatives. Mutat Res 116:217-238. Shu, X.O., Gao, Y. T., Brinton, L.A. et al., 1988. A population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in Shanghai. Cancer 62: 635-644. Shu, X.O., Stewart, P., Wen, W.Q., et al. 1999. Parental occupational exposure to hydrocarbons and risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia in offspring. Cancer Edidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8: 783-791. Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Nadon L, Gerin M, Richardson L, Wacholder S (1987) Associations between several sites of cancer and twelve petroleum-derived liquids. Scand.J.Work.Environ.Health 13:493-504 Siou, G., Conan, L., el Haitem, M. 1981. Evaluation of the clastogenic action of benzene by oral administration with 2 cytogenetic techniques in mouse and Chinese hamster. Mutat Res 90: 273-278. Smith, M.T., Yager, J.W., Steinmetz, K.I., and Eastmond, D.A. 1989. Peroxidase-dependent metabolism of benzene”s phenolic metabolites and its potential role in benzene toxicity and carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect 82: 23-29. Benzene VCCEP Submission 229 March 2006
Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y. X., Hayes, R. B., Li, G. L., Wiemels, J., Dosemeci, M., Titenko-Holland, N., Xi, L. Q., Kolachana, P., Yin, S. N., and Rothman, N. (1998). Increased translocations and aneusomy in chromosomes 8 and 21 among workers exposed to benzene. Cancer Res. 58, 2176-2181. Smith, R.G. 1999. A Study on Benzene Exposure During Vehicle Refueling - Draft. CCME Contract #989-040, Maxxam Report No.9900387. Smyth, H.F., Carpenter, C.P., Weil, C.S. et al. 1962. Range-finding toxicity data: List VI. Ind Hyg J 23: 95-107. Snook, LM. and Davis, WT. (1997). An investigation of driver exposure to carbon monoxide while travelling in the wake of a snowmobile. Paper 97-RP143.02. Presented at the Air and Waste Management Association’s 90 th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, June 8-13 Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Snyder CA, Goldstein BD, Sellakumar AR, Wolman SR, Bromberg I, Erlichman MN, Laskin S (1978a) Hematotoxicity of inhaled benzene to Sprague-Dawley rats and AKR Mice at 300 ppm. J.Toxicol.Environ.Health 4:605-618. Snyder CA, Goldstein BD, Sellakumar AR, Bromberg I, Laskin S, Albert RE (1980) The inhalation toxicology of benzene: incidence of hematopoietic neoplasms and hematotoxicity in AKR/J and C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 54:323-331. Snyder CA, Green JD, LoBue J, Goldstein B, Valle C, Albert R (1981) Protracted benzene exposure causes a proliferation of myeloblasts and/or promyelocytes in CD-1 mice. Bull. Environ. Comtan. Toxicology 27:17. Snyder CA, Goldstein BD, Sellakumar AR, Bromberg I, Laskin S, Albert RE (1982) Toxicity of chronic benzene inhalation: CD-1 mice exposed to 300 ppm. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 29:385-391. Snyder CA, Goldstein BD, Sellakumar AR, Albert RE (1984) Evidence for hematotoxicity and tumorigenesis in Rats Exposed to 100 ppm Benzene. Am.J.Ind.Med. 5:429-434. Snyder CA, Sellakumar AR, James DJ, Albert RE (1988) The carcinogenicity of discontinuous inhaled benzene exposures in CD-1 and C57B1/6 mice. Arch.Toxicol. 62:331-335. Snyder RS, Lee EW, Kocsis JJ (1978b) Binding of labeled benzene metabolites to mouse liver and bone marrow. Res.Commun.Chem.Pathol.Pharmacol. 20(1):191-194. Snyder R, Kalf GF (1994) A perspective on benzene leukemogenesis. Crit.Rev.Toxicol. 24:177- 209. Snyder R, Hedli CC (1996) An overview of benzene metabolism. Environ.Health Perspect. 104 Suppl. 6:1165-1171. South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). 1989. In-Vehicle Air Toxics Characterization in the South Coast Basin. Shikiya, D.C.; Liu, C.S.; Hahn, M.I.; Juarros, J.; and Barcikowski, W. South Coast Air Quality Management District, El Monte, CA, May 1989. Benzene VCCEP Submission 230 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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