(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Table 7.49 (cont.) Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 151 Age Group 19 to < 36 year old female 19 to < 36 year old male < 1 1 to < 2 2 to < 6 6 to < 16 16 to < 19 Scenario year old year old year old year old year old BACKGROUND DOSES - FOOD & WATER (continued) Showering – Dermal Typical 0.0E+00 8.6E-07 8.9E-07 6.0E-07 5.0E-07 4.2E-07 4.2E-07 Upper Bound Showering – Inhalation 1.9E-06 2.5E-06 2.3E-06 1.8E-06 1.4E-06 1.3E-06 1.3E-06 Typical 0.0E+00 2.2E-05 7.2E-06 1.4E-06 1.0E-06 5.7E-07 5.7E-07 Upper Bound 1.5E-04 4.8E-04 1.2E-04 2.7E-05 1.9E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 BACKGROUND DOSES - SUM OF AMBIENT AIR, INDOOR AIR, FOOD & WATER Inhalation Pathway Rural - Typical 8.1E-04 7.5E-04 6.0E-04 3.7E-04 2.6E-04 2.3E-04 2.5E-04 Rural - Upper Bound 3.5E-03 3.5E-03 2.5E-03 1.5E-03 1.1E-03 9.6E-04 1.1E-03 Urban - Typical 8.3E-04 7.6E-04 6.3E-04 3.8E-04 2.7E-04 2.4E-04 2.6E-04 Urban - Upper Bound Ingestion Pathway 3.6E-03 3.6E-03 2.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.1E-03 9.8E-04 1.1E-03 Urban - Typical 3.6E-05 4.0E-05 3.8E-05 1.5E-05 9.1E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 Urban - High-end 7.9E-04 5.9E-04 4.0E-04 1.9E-04 1.3E-04 1.3E-04 1.3E-04 Occupational - Typical 2.3E-04 -- -- -- -- -- -- Occupational - High-end Dermal Pathway 1.5E-03 -- -- -- -- -- -- Typical 0.0E+00 8.6E-07 8.9E-07 6.0E-07 5.0E-07 4.2E-07 4.2E-07 Upper Bound SOURCE SPECIFIC DOSES 1.9E-06 2.5E-06 2.3E-06 1.8E-06 1.4E-06 1.3E-06 1.3E-06 Tobacco Smoke Refueling Occupational ETS 2.9E-04 2.6E-04 2.2E-04 1.2E-04 7.4E-05 7.0E-05 7.6E-05 Mainstream -- -- -- -- 4.2E-03 9.0E-03 8.9E-03 Typical -- -- -- -- 1.0E-05 8.7E-06 9.5E-06 Upper Bound -- -- -- -- 1.3E-04 1.1E-04 1.2E-04 Typical -- -- -- -- -- 7.2E-03 7.9E-03 Upper Bound -- -- -- -- -- 2.6E-02 2.8E-02
For children and non-smoking adults, inhalation of benzene from in-home indoor air is the predominant pathway of exposure, followed by inhalation of benzene from in-vehicle exposures, ingestion of benzene in dietary sources and tap water and lastly, the outdoor ambient air. This is graphically presented on Figure 7.6. For nursing infants of high-end occupationally exposed mothers, inhalation of benzene from in-home indoor air remains the predominant pathway of exposure but the secondary pathway of exposure is ingestion of human milk. This is graphically presented on Figure 7.7. Figure 7.6: Contribution of Various Ambient Sources to Typical Total Background Benzene Exposures Age Range 19 to < 36 yr male 19 to < 36 yr female 16 to < 19yr 6 to < 16 yr 2 to < 6 yr 1 to < 2 yr < 1yr 0.0E+00 1.0E-04 2.0E-04 3.0E-04 4.0E-04 5.0E-04 6.0E-04 7.0E-04 8.0E-04 9.0E-04 1.0E-03 Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) *Representative of a nursing infant (
Page 1 and 2:
Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Page 71 and 72:
Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
Page 107 and 108: 7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
Page 111 and 112: Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
Page 113 and 114: Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
Page 115 and 116: Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
Page 121 and 122: factor change attributable to benze
Page 123 and 124: where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
Page 125 and 126: Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
Page 131 and 132: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 133 and 134: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 135 and 136: In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
Page 139 and 140: e similar to those in other U.S. st
Page 141 and 142: vehicle); the total amount of time
Page 143 and 144: use of small non-road engine equipm
Page 145 and 146: Children may be exposed to benzene
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
Page 149 and 150: An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
Page 151 and 152: In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
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Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
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Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
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Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
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Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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