(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Table 8.5. (cont.) Notes: -- – No value calculated because no benzene exposures are applicable to this category for -- – this age group. Hazard quotient [HQ] = Average Daily Dose / Reference Dose Average daily doses are summarized in Table 7.53. Reference doses used for calculations in this table are presented in Table 8.2. ETS – environmental tobacco smoke a Noncancer HQs are calculated using the IRIS RfD (labeled High) and Alternative 3 RfD (labeled Low). See Tables 8.1,8.2, and text. b Value is calculated using the occupational threshold limit value (TLV) instead of a reference dose. See Table 8.2 and text for details. Benzene VCCEP Submission 181 March 2006
Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates associated with benzene exposures Potential excess cancer risks calculated using a range of CSFs. Estimates provided for males and females based on lifetime average daily doses. Using Lower-Bound Cancer Risk Estimate (unitless) Using Lower-Bound Using Upper-Bound Nonlinear Model CSF Linear Model CSF Linear Model CSF Female Male Female Male Female Male INHALATION PATHWAYS Outdoor air (ambient, total) Rural - Typical 1E-09 1E-09 9E-08 1E-07 3E-07 3E-07 Rural - High End 2E-09 2E-09 1E-07 1E-07 5E-07 5E-07 Urban - Typical 3E-09 3E-09 2E-07 2E-07 7E-07 8E-07 Urban - High End Indoor air (in-home, total) 7E-09 7E-09 6E-07 6E-07 2E-06 2E-06 Typical 5E-08 5E-08 4E-06 4E-06 1E-05 1E-05 High End In school 2E-07 2E-07 2E-05 2E-05 6E-05 6E-05 Typical 1E-09 1E-09 1E-07 1E-07 4E-07 4E-07 High End 6E-09 6E-09 5E-07 5E-07 2E-06 2E-06 In vehicle - typical Showering 7E-09 7E-09 5E-07 6E-07 2E-06 2E-06 Typical 3E-10 3E-10 2E-08 2E-08 8E-08 8E-08 High End 5E-09 5E-09 4E-07 4E-07 2E-06 2E-06 BACKGROUND Inhalation Pathway (indoor & outdoor air, showering, in-vehicle) Rural - Typical 6E-08 6E-08 4E-06 5E-06 2E-05 2E-05 Rural - High End 2E-07 2E-07 2E-05 2E-05 7E-05 7E-05 Urban - Typical 6E-08 6E-08 4E-06 5E-06 2E-05 2E-05 Urban - High End Ingestion Pathway (food & water) 2E-07 2E-07 2E-05 2E-05 7E-05 7E-05 Typical 3E-09 3E-09 2E-07 2E-07 7E-07 7E-07 High End 3E-08 3E-08 3E-06 3E-06 9E-06 9E-06 Occupational - Typical a 3E-09 3E-09 2E-07 2E-07 9E-07 9E-07 Occupational - High End a Dermal Pathway (showering) 3E-08 3E-08 3E-06 3E-06 1E-05 1E-05 Typical 9E-11 9E-11 7E-09 7E-09 3E-08 3E-08 High End 3E-10 3E-10 2E-08 2E-08 8E-08 8E-08 BACKGROUND (all pathways) Rural - Typical 6E-08 6E-08 5E-06 5E-06 2E-05 2E-05 Rural - High End 3E-07 3E-07 2E-05 2E-05 8E-05 8E-05 Urban - Typical 6E-08 6E-08 5E-06 5E-06 2E-05 2E-05 Urban - High End 3E-07 3E-07 2E-05 2E-05 8E-05 8E-05 BACKGROUND (all pathways, including indirect occupational) a Rural - Typical 6E-08 6E-08 5E-06 5E-06 2E-05 2E-05 Rural - High End 3E-07 3E-07 2E-05 2E-05 8E-05 8E-05 Urban - Typical 6E-08 6E-08 5E-06 5E-06 2E-05 2E-05 Urban - High End 3E-07 3E-07 2E-05 2E-05 8E-05 8E-05 SOURCE-SPECIFIC DOSES Tobacco Smoke ETS (nonsmoker's dose) 2E-08 2E-08 1E-06 1E-06 5E-06 5E-06 Mainstream (smoker's dose) 1E-06 1E-06 1E-04 1E-04 4E-04 4E-04 Refueling Typical 1E-09 1E-09 1E-07 1E-07 4E-07 4E-07 High End 2E-08 2E-08 1E-06 1E-06 5E-06 5E-06 BACKGROUND PLUS REFUELING Rural - Typical 6E-08 6E-08 5E-06 5E-06 2E-05 2E-05 Rural - High End 3E-07 3E-07 2E-05 2E-05 8E-05 8E-05 Urban - Typical 6E-08 6E-08 5E-06 5E-06 2E-05 2E-05 Urban - High End 3E-07 3E-07 2E-05 2E-05 8E-05 9E-05 (footnotes on following page) Benzene VCCEP Submission 182 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
Page 139 and 140: e similar to those in other U.S. st
Page 141 and 142: vehicle); the total amount of time
Page 143 and 144: use of small non-road engine equipm
Page 145 and 146: Children may be exposed to benzene
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
Page 149 and 150: An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
Page 151 and 152: In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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