(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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(cycloparaffins) dehydrogenation], catalytic dealkylation (removal of an aryl alkyl group in the presence of a catalyst), steam cracking (breakdown of large hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons by high temperature steam), distillation (chemical separation from crude or light oils based on boiling points), and destructive distillation (separation at high temperature in the absence of oxygen). Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Table 5.4: Processes Used to Manufacture Benzene Industry Process Inputs Percentage of U.S. benzene production (ATSDR, 2005) Petroleum Catalytic Straight-run gasoline (C5-C11) or 45% reforming cycloparaffins (e.g., cyclohexane) Petroleum Catalytic Toluene or toluene/xylene mixture 30% dealkylation Petroleum Steam cracking / distillation Steel Destructive distillation Pyrolysis gasoline (unsaturated 23% aliphatic hydrocarbons produced by steam cracking of gas oil or heavy naphtha) Coal < 2% Historical benzene production levels are available from trade publications. Chemical and Engineering News (2001) and National Petrochemical Refiners Association (NPRA, 2004) reports benzene production for the petroleum industry (Table 5.5). Between 1990 and 2003, benzene production increased at an annual rate of 3.6%, while at the same time, annual air emissions, as reported to the TRI, decreased nearly 75% (U.S. EPA, 2003b). Table 5.5: Production Levels of Benzene During the 1990s and Associated TRI Air Emissions Production Level Total TRI Air Year (million gallons/year) Emissions (lbs) 1990 1,699 25,846,604 1991 1,569 19,302,759 1992 1,636 13,236,757 1993 1,677 11,362,731 1994 2,074 9,853,234 1995 2,168 9,401,776 1996 2,116 8,184,997 1997 2,342 8,791,685 1998 2,237 7,270,122 1999 2,401 7,270,481 2000 2,412 6,399,187 2001 1,921 5,893,897 2002 2,148 6,043,671 2003 2,094 6,261,791 In addition to industry production rates, the Chemical Market Reporter (CMR, 2002) provides information on benzene production capacity by petroleum producer and city (Table 5.6). In 25
general, the production rate is about 70 to 75% of capacity. Most of the benzene production capacity is found in Texas (20 facilities), Louisiana (5 facilities), Illinois (2 facilities), Pennsylvania (2 facilities), and Ohio (2 facilities). Table 5.6: U.S. Benzene Production Capacity (2002) Producer City State 2002 Capacity (million gallons) BP Chemicals Alliance LA 410 Lima OH Texas City TX Chalmette Refining Chalmette LA 55 Chevron Phillips Chemical Pascagoula MS 440 Port Arthur TX Richmond CA Sweeny TX Guayama PR Citgo Corpus Christi TX 170 Lake Charles LA Lemont IL Coastal Corpus Christi TX 100 Westville NJ ConocoPhillips Wood River IL 60 Dow Chemical Freeport TX 300 Plaquemine LA Equistar Chemicals Alvin TX 285 Channelview TX Corpus Christi TX ExxonMobil Baton Rouge LA 470 Baytown TX Beaumont TX Frontier Oil El Dorado KS 15 Hovensa St. Croix VI 70 Huntsman Port Arthur TX 50 Flint Hills Resources Corpus Christi TX 250 Lyondell Houston TX 50 Marathon Ashland Catlettsburg KY 65 Motiva Delaware City DE 15 Nova Chemicals Bayport TX 15 Shell Chemicals Deer Park TX 180 Sunoco Marcus Hook PA 85 Philadelphia PA Toledo OH TOTAL Petrochemical, USA Port Arthur TX 125 Valero Energy Houston TX 25 Three Rivers TX Total Capacity (2002) 3,235 Total Demand (2001) 2,670 Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 26
Page 1 and 2: Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
Page 3 and 4: 6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
Page 5 and 6: Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
Page 7 and 8: STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
Page 9 and 10: enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
Page 11 and 12: A fertility study in female rats ex
Page 13 and 14: estimate is very conservative both
Page 15 and 16: 2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
Page 17 and 18: 2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
Page 19 and 20: Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
Page 21 and 22: 4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
Page 23 and 24: passenger vehicles operated at cold
Page 25 and 26: Benzene has been designated a hazar
Page 27 and 28: products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
Page 29 and 30: 5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
Page 31: Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
Page 35 and 36: gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
Page 37 and 38: The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
Page 39 and 40: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 41 and 42: Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
Page 43 and 44: 6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
Page 45 and 46: 6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
Page 47 and 48: that transient, high peak exposures
Page 49 and 50: absorption compared to inhalation,
Page 51 and 52: increased risk of disease. It shoul
Page 53 and 54: The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Page 55 and 56: exposure. This was also supported b
Page 57 and 58: follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
Page 59 and 60: development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
Page 61 and 62: quantification of benzene air conce
Page 63 and 64: 4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
Page 65 and 66: 6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
Page 67 and 68: eakage and loss was comparable whet
Page 69 and 70: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 71 and 72: Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
Page 73 and 74: Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
Page 75 and 76: 6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
Page 77 and 78: induce solid tumors in animals in t
Page 79 and 80: mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
Page 81 and 82: decreases in maternal weight gain,
Page 83 and 84:
Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
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Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
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Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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the continental U.S. for each leuke
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in significant reductions in benzen
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Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
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Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
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Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
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Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
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Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
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Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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