(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Table 7.4: Top Five 2003 TRI Sources of Benzene in Rural and Urban Settings Urban Total Air Releases Rural Total Air Releases (pounds) (pounds) 1. U.S. Sugar Corp. 296,864 1. Georgia-Pacific 154,000 Bryant Mill, Palm Big Island Mill, Beach County, FL Bedford County, VA 2. Holcim (US) Inc. 272,854 2. Holcim (US) Inc. 150,000 Dundee Plant, Clarksville Plant, Monroe County, MI Pike County, MO 3. ExxonMobil 121,052 3. U.S. Sugar Corp. 101,272 Baytown Chemical Clewiston Mill, Plant, Harris Hendry County, County, TX FL 4. Equistar Chemicals 112,000 4. Wheeling- 90,000 LP, Harris County, Pittsburgh Steel TX Corp. Follansbee Plant, Brooke County, WV 5. Chalmette Refining 110,430 5. Valero Three 59,403 LLC, St. Bernard Rivers Refinery, Parish, LA Live Oak County, TX As shown on Table 7.4, two of the top five urban emitters (i.e., ExxonMobil and Equistar Chemicals) are located in the same county, Harris County. Together these two facilities emit approximately 80% of the benzene to the ambient air that the largest emitter nationwide, – U.S. Sugar Corp does. Ten of the top 100 facilities that report benzene air releases on the TRI are in Harris County, TX. As such, Harris County is an example of an industrial area with significant point source releases of benzene to the ambient air. The NATA database was queried to obtain predicted concentrations for the counties in which the Top 5 TRI reporting facilities are located. Additionally, EPA’s AIRS Database was queried to obtain measured ambient air benzene concentrations. The data in the AIRS database come from fixed monitoring stations around the country, where samples are collected approximately weekly (every 6 to 10 days). For the most part, these monitoring stations are located in urban or suburban environments, with very few in rural settings. A summary of the NATA and AIRS data is presented on Table 7.5. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 103
Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambient Air Benzene Concentrations Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 URBAN 1996 NATA 2003 AirData* Facility County 1. U.S. Sugar Corp. – Bryant Mill 2. Holcim (U.S.) Inc. Dundee Plant 3. ExxonMobil Baytown Chemical Plant* 4. Equistar Chemicals, LP* 5. Chalmette Refining LLC Palm Beach County, FL Monroe County, MI Harris County, TX Harris County, TX St. Bernard Parish, LA Mean (µg/m 3 ) 104 95 th Percentile (µg/m 3 ) N* Mean (µg/m 3 ) 95 th Percentile (µg/m 3 ) 1.1 1.6 -- -- -- 1.0 1.3 -- -- -- 2.3 3.3 2.3 3.3 49 26 45 6,956 1.8 8.4 2.8 3.1 3.3 16.7 6.1 8.8 1.8 3.8 -- -- -- RURAL 1996 NATA 2003 AirData Facility County 1. Georgia-Pacific Big Island Mill 2. Holcim (US) Inc. Clarksville Plant 3. U.S. Sugar Corp. Clewiston Mill 4. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp. Follansbee Plant 5. Valero Three Rivers Refinery Bedford County, VA Pike County, MO Hendry County, FL Brooke County, WV Live Oak County, TX Mean (µg/m 3 ) 95 th Percentile (µg/m 3 ) N Mean (µg/m 3 ) 95 th Percentile (µg/m 3 ) 0.82 10.3 -- -- -- 0.58 0.69 -- -- -- 0.61 0.68 -- -- -- 1.2 2.5 -- -- -- 0.61 0.65 -- -- -- * There are available data from two adejacent monitoring stations for both Baytown, TX and Channelview, TX. Table 7.5 shows that for Harris County, the predicted concentrations from NATA are in general agreement with the measured concentrations obtained from the AIRS database. Data from these monitors indicate 24-hour mean ambient benzene concentrations ranging from 1.7-4.4 µg/m 3 . Thus, although these averages exceed the predicted national urban benzene mean of 1.57 µg/m 3 (See Table 7.1), they are the same order of magnitude, with the ratio of the Harris County concentrations to the national urban mean ranging from 1.1 to 2.8. Comparing the nationwide urban benzene concentrations from NATA to that of measured ambient air concentrations in urban areas where significant industrial releases of benzene to the atmosphere occur (i.e., Harris County, TX), shows that outdoor air exposures in industrial release areas may be 1 to 3 fold higher than the national mean for urban settings. Thus, although they may not necessarily directly correlate to personal exposures, ambient air benzene exposures to children in these areas may be higher than national exposures.
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
Page 59 and 60: development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
Page 61 and 62: quantification of benzene air conce
Page 63 and 64: 4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
Page 65 and 66: 6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
Page 67 and 68: eakage and loss was comparable whet
Page 69 and 70: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 71 and 72: Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
Page 73 and 74: Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
Page 75 and 76: 6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
Page 77 and 78: induce solid tumors in animals in t
Page 79 and 80: mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
Page 81 and 82: decreases in maternal weight gain,
Page 87 and 88: increased resorptions. The effects
Page 89 and 90: proposed that transplacental effect
Page 91 and 92: glycerol lysis time, and incidence
Page 93 and 94: 6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
Page 95 and 96: LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
Page 97 and 98: the measurements of doses are suspe
Page 99 and 100: intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
Page 101 and 102: 2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
Page 103 and 104: 7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
Page 105 and 106: throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
Page 107 and 108: 7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
Page 109: Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
Page 113 and 114: Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
Page 115 and 116: Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
Page 121 and 122: factor change attributable to benze
Page 123 and 124: where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
Page 125 and 126: Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
Page 135 and 136: In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
Page 139 and 140: e similar to those in other U.S. st
Page 141 and 142: vehicle); the total amount of time
Page 143 and 144: use of small non-road engine equipm
Page 145 and 146: Children may be exposed to benzene
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
Page 149 and 150: An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
Page 151 and 152: In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
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Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
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Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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the continental U.S. for each leuke
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in significant reductions in benzen
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Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
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Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
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Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
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Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
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Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
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Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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