(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Appendix A Exposure Assessment Information Appendix B Derivation of Mobile Source Benzene Evaporative and Refueling Emission Factors Appendix C PBPK Modeling for Benzene, Interpretation of Benzene Human Biomonitoring Data, and Modeling of Benzene Concentrations in Human Milk Appendix D Benzene SIDS Dossier Benzene VCCEP Submission Page iii March 2006
Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA Aplastic Anemia ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACH Air Changes per Hour ADD Average Daily Dose AEGL Acute Exposure Guideline Level ALC Absolute Lymphocyte Count AML Acute Myelogenous Leukemia ANLL Acute Non-lymphocytic Leukemia ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BMCL Benchmark Concentration Level (frequently used in reference to the lower confidence limit level from benchmark model) CAA/CAAA Clean Air Act/Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 CARB California Air Resources Board CAS Chemical Abstract Service CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CFM Cubic feet per minute CNS Central Nervous System CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission CSF Cancer Slope Factor (EPA IRIS) CYP 2E1 Cytochrome P450 system isoenzyme 2E1 EU European Union EHC Environmental Health Criteria EPA Environmental Protection Agency ETS Environmental Tobacco Smoke FAB French-American-British (FAB) Classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemias FDA Food and Drug Administration FHSA Federal Hazardous Substances Act g Gram GC/MS Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometry GD Gestation Day HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant (as defined by the Clean Air Act) HEC Human Equivalent Concentration HI Hazard Index High-end exposure An exposure that was calculated using exposure concentrations representative of a 90th or 95th percentile of the range of values in a given dataset, depending on availability in the published literature. HQ Hazard Quotient IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer I-O Indoor-Outdoor (ratio) IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety IRIS Integrated Risk Information System IUR Inventory Update Rule (TSCA) kg Kilogram kHz Kilohertz (thousands of cycles per second) LD Lactation Day Benzene VCCEP Submission Page iv March 2006
Page 1 and 2: Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
Page 3: 6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
Page 7 and 8: STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
Page 9 and 10: enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
Page 11 and 12: A fertility study in female rats ex
Page 13 and 14: estimate is very conservative both
Page 15 and 16: 2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
Page 17 and 18: 2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
Page 19 and 20: Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
Page 21 and 22: 4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
Page 23 and 24: passenger vehicles operated at cold
Page 25 and 26: Benzene has been designated a hazar
Page 27 and 28: products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
Page 29 and 30: 5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
Page 31 and 32: Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
Page 33 and 34: general, the production rate is abo
Page 35 and 36: gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
Page 37 and 38: The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
Page 39 and 40: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 41 and 42: Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
Page 43 and 44: 6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
Page 45 and 46: 6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
Page 47 and 48: that transient, high peak exposures
Page 49 and 50: absorption compared to inhalation,
Page 51 and 52: increased risk of disease. It shoul
Page 53 and 54: The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Page 55 and 56:
exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
Page 59 and 60:
development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
Page 69 and 70:
Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 71 and 72:
Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
Page 73 and 74:
Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
Page 75 and 76:
6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
Page 93 and 94:
6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
Page 95 and 96:
LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
Page 97 and 98:
the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
Page 109 and 110:
Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156:
Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158:
Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166:
8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172:
information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190:
Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192:
Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194:
Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
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Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
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Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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the continental U.S. for each leuke
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in significant reductions in benzen
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Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208:
Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210:
Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212:
CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214:
Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216:
Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218:
Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220:
Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222:
Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224:
Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226:
Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228:
Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230:
Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232:
Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234:
Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236:
Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238:
Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240:
Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242:
United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244:
URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246:
Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248:
Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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