(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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10.0 REFERENCES Adgate, J.L., Eberly, L.E., Stroebel, C., Pellizzari, E.D. and Sexton, K. 2004a. Personal, indoor, and outdoor OVC exposures in a probability sample of children. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 14: S4-S13. Adgate, J.L, Church T.R., Ryan, A.D., Ramachandran, G., Fredrickson, A.L., Stock, T.H., Morandi, M.T. and Sexton, K. 2004b. Outdoor, indoor, and personal exposure to VOCs in children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(14):1386 – 1392. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR). 1993. Toxicological Profile of Benzene. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR). 1997. Toxicological Profile of Benzene: Update. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1998. Toxicological Profile for JP- 5 and JP-8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia. August, 1998. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2004. Interaction Profile for: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. May 2004 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2005. Draft Toxicological Profile for Benzene. U.S. Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia. September, 2005. American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 1998 TLVs ® and BEIs ® . Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents. Committee on the TLVs ® . Cincinnati, Ohio. American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2001. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Value for benzene. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Aksoy M, Dinçol K, Akgün T, Erdem S, Dinçol G (1971) Haematological effects of chronic benzene poisoning in 217 workers. Br.J.Ind.Med. 28:296-302 Aksoy, M., Dincol, K., Erdem, K., Akgum, T., and Dincol, G. 1972. Details of blood changes in 32 patients with pancytopenia associated with long-term exposure to benzene. Br J Ind Med 29: 56-64. Aksoy, M., Erdem, S., and Dincol, G. 1974. Leukemia in show-workers exposed chronically to benzene. Blood 44: 837-841. Aksoy, M, Erdem, S, and Dinçol, G (1976) Types of leukemia in chronic benzene poisoning: a study in thirty-four patients. Acta Haematol. 55, 65-72 Benzene VCCEP Submission 197 March 2006
Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers due to occupational exposure to benzene. N Istanbul Contr Clin Sci l2(l):3-14 Aksoy, M, and Erdem, S. 1978. Follow-up study on the mortality and the development of leukemia in 44 pancytopenia patients with chronic benzene exposure. Blood 52: 285-292. Aksoy M (1980) Different types of malignancies due to occupational exposure to benzene: a review of recent observations in Turkey. Environ.Res. 23:181-190 Aksoy M (1989) Hematotoxicity and carcinogenicity of benzene. Environ.Health Perspect. 82:193-197 Alaska (2000a). 1997 Cancer in Alaska: Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Alaska Cancer Registry. http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/pubs/cancer1997.pdf Alaska (2000b). 1998 Cancer in Alaska: Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Alaska Cancer Registry. http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/pubs/cancer98.pdf Albitar, M., Manshouri, T., Shen, Y., Liu, D., Beran, M., Kantarjian, H. M., Rogers, A., Jilani, I., Lin, C. W., Pierce, S., Freireich, E. J., and Estey, E. H. (2002) Myelodysplastic syndrome is not merely "preleukemia". Blood. 100(3), 791-8. Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM). 2002-2005. Gasoline – Summer/Winter 2002- 2005: Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers North American Fuel Surveys. http://autoalliance.org/fuel/fuel_surveys.php . American Petroleum Institute (API). 1980. Dominant lethal inhalation assay of benzene in SD male rats. [Litton Bionetics, Kensington, MD] API Medical Res. Report #28-31211. Washington, DC. EPA/OTS Doc #88-920001864, 1992. American Petroleum Institute (API). 1982. Benzene: Teratology study in rats. [Litton Bionetics, 1977, Kensington, MD] API Medical Res. Report #30-32012. Washington, DC American Petroleum Institute (API). 1993. Gasoline Vapor Exposure Assessment at Service Stations. Prepared by Clayton Environmental Consultants. API Publication 4553. American Petroleum Institute (API). 1995. Service Station Personnel Exposures to Oxygenated Fuel Components – 1994. Prepared by NATLSCO, a Division of KRMS. API Publication 4625. Andersen, M., Larson, R., Mauritzson, N., Schnittger, S., Jhanwar, S., and Pedersen-Bjergaard, J. (2002). Balanced Chromosome Abnormalities inv(16) and t(15;17) in therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia: Report from an international workshop. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 33, 395-400. Andersen, M. K., Johansson, B., Larsen, S. O., and Pedersen-Bjergaard, J. Chromosomal abnormalities in secondary MDS and AML. (1998) Relationship to drugs and radiation with specific emphasis on the balanced rearrangements. Haematologica 83(6), 483-8. Benzene VCCEP Submission 198 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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