(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Ruppert T, Scherer G, Tricker AR, Adlkofer F (1997) trans, trans-muconic acid as a biomarker of non-occupational environmental exposure to benzene. Int.Arch.Occup.Environ.Health 69:247-251. Rushmore, T., Snyder, R., and Kalf, G. 1984. Covalent binding of benzene and its metabolites to DNA in rabbit bone marrow mitochondria in vitro. Chem-Biol Interact 49: 133-154. Rushton L, Alderson MR (1981) An epidemiological survey of eight oil refineries in Britain. Br.J.Ind.Med. 38:225-234. Rushton L. 1993a. A 39 year follow-up of the UK oil refinery and distribution center studies: Results for kidney cancer and leukemia. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements 77- 84. Rushton L. 1993b. Further follow-up of mortality in a United Kingdom oil distribution centre cohort. British J. of Industrial Medicine 50:561-569. Rushton L, Romaniuk H (1997) A case-control study to investigate the risk of leukemia associated with exposure to benzene in petroleum marketing and distribution workers in the United Kingdom. Occup.Environ.Med. 54:152-166. Ryan DH, Nuccie BL, Ritterman I, Liesveld JL, Abboud CN, Insel RA (1997) Expression of interleukin-7 receptor by lineage-negative human bone marrow progenitors with enhanced lymphoid proliferative potential and B-lineage differentiation capacity. Blood 89:929-940 Sack T.M. and Steele D.H. 1991. Indoor Air Pollutants from Household Product sources. Project Report EPA 600/4-91/025. Samfield, EPA-600-R-92-025 (NTIS PB92-158468), 1992. Literature survey of U.S. and foreign indoor concentrations through the late 1980’s from residences, office buildings, schools, other commercial buildings. Sammett D, Lee EW, Kocsis JJ, Snyder R (1979) Partial hepatectomy reduced both metabolism and toxicity of benzene. J.Toxicol.Environ.Health 5:785-792 Sandmeyer, E.E. 1981. Aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene. In Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, vol 3, L.J. Crally and L.V. Cralley , eds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY. pp 3253-3283. Santesson CG (1897) Chronic poisoning with coal tar benzene: Four deaths. Clinical and pathological-anatomical observations of several colleagues and illustrating animal experiments. Arch.Hyg.(Munich) 31:336-376. Sarto, F., Cominato, I., Pinton, A.M. et a.. 1984. A cytogenetic study on workers exposed to low concentrations of benzene. Carcinogenesis 5: 827-832. Sasiadek, M., Jagielski, J., and Smolik, R. 1989. Localization of breakpoints in the karyotype of workers professionally exposed to benzene. Mutat Res 224: 235-240. Benzene VCCEP Submission 227 March 2006
Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole, P., Brill, I., Frisch, J., and Spivey, G. (1995) A case-control study of leukemia among petroleum workers. J Occup Environ Med 37(11), 1269-77. Satin KP, Wong O, Yuan LA, Bailey WJ, Newton KL, Wen C-P, Swencicki RE (1996) A 50-year mortality follow-up of a large cohort of oil refinery workers in Texas. JOEM 38:492-506. Sawahata T, Rickert DE, Greenlee WF (1985) Metabolism of benzene and its metabolites in bone marrow. In: Toxicology of blood and bone marrow, edited by Irons RD. Raven Press, New York, pp 141-148. Sawyers CL (1998) Molecular abnormalities in myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk.Res. 22:1113-1122. Savitz, D A, Whelan, E A, and Kleckner, R C (1989) Effect of parent's occupational exposures on risk of stillbirth, preterm delivery, and small-for-gestational-age infants. Am.J.Epidemiol. 129, 1201-1218. Schlapia, A. and Morris, S. 1998. Architectural, Behavioral and Environmental Factors Associated with VOCs in Anchorage Homes. Document # 98-A504, presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association (San Diego, CA) June 1998. Schlosser MJ, Kalf GF (1989) Metabolic activation of hydroquinone by macrophage peroxidase. Chem.Biol.Interact. 72:191-207. Schnatter, A. R., Katz, A. M., Nicolich, M. J., and Theriault, G. (1993) A retrospective mortality study among Canadian petroleum marketing and distribution workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 101 Suppl 6:85-99. Schnatter AR, Armstrong TW, Nicolich MJ, Thompson FS, Katz AM, Huebner WW, Pearlman ED. 1996a. Lymphohaematopoietic malignancies and quantitative estimates of exposure to benzene in Canadian petroleum distribution workers. Occup.Environ.Med. 53:773-781. Schnatter AR, Nicolich MJ, Bird MG. 1996b. Determination of leukemogenic benzene exposure concentrations: Refined analysis of the pliofilm cohort. Risk Anal. 16:833-840. Schnatter, A. R., Armstrong, T. W., Thompson, L. S., Nicolich, M. J., Katz, A. M., Huebner, W. W., and Pearlman, E. D. 1996c. The relationship between low-level benzene exposure and leukemia in Canadian petroleum distribution workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 104 Suppl 6:1375-9. Schnatter A. R. 2004. Benzene exposure and leukemia. Epidemiology 15:509. Schwartz E (1987) Proportionate mortality ratio analysis of automobile mechanics and gasoline service station workers in New Hampshire. Am.J.Ind.Med. 12:91-99. Seidel, H.J., Beyvers, G., Pape, M., et al. 1989 The influence of benzene on the erythropoid cell systems in mice. Exp Hematol 17: 760-764. Seidenberg, J.M., Anderson, D.G., and Becker, R.A. 1986. Validation of an in vivo developmental toxicity screen in the mouse. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 5: 361-374. Benzene VCCEP Submission 228 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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