(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Wixtrom R.N. and Brown S.L. 1992. Individual and population exposures to gasoline. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 2(1): 23-78. Wolf, M.A., Rowe, V.K., McCollister, D.D., et al. 1956. Toxicological studies with certain alkylated benzenes and benzene. AMA Arch Ind Health 14: 387-398. Wong O (1983) An industry-wide mortality study of chemical workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Wong O, Morgan RW, Bailey WJ, Swencicki RE, Claxton K, Kheifets L (1986) An epidemiological study of petroleum refinery employees. Br.J.Ind.Med. 43:6-17 Wong O (1987a) An industry wide mortality study of chemical workers occupationally exposed to benzene: II Dose response analyses. Br.J.Ind.Med. 44:382-395 Wong O (1987b) An industry wide mortality study of chemical workers occupationally exposed to benzene. I General results. Br.J.Ind.Med. 44:365-381 Wong O, Raabe GK (1989) Critical review of cancer epidemiology in petroleum industry employees, with a quantitative meta-analysis by cancer site. Am.J.Ind.Med. 15:283-310 Wong O, Raabe GK (1995) Cell-type-specific leukemia analyses in a combined cohort of more than 208,000 petroleum workers in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1937-1989. Regul.Toxicol.Pharmacol. 21:307-321 Wong O, Harris F, Smith TJ (1993) Health effects of gasoline exposure II. Mortality patterns of distribution workers in the United States. Environ.Health Perspect. 101:63-76 Wong O (1995) Risk of acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma in workers exposed to benzene. Occup.Environ.Med. 52:380-384 Wong O, Trent L, Harris F (1999) Nested case-control study of leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and kidney cancer in a cohort of petroleum workers exposed to gasoline. Occup.Environ.Med. 56:217-221 Wong O, Fu H (2005) Exposure to benzene and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, an epidemiologic overview and an ongoing case-control study in Shanghai. Chemico-Biological Interactions 153- 154:33-41 World Health Organization (1993) International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 150: Benzene. World Health Organization, Geneva World Health Organization (WHO). 1996. Environmental Health Criteria 171: Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Section A2.1.1.3. Xiao, G, Pan, C, Cai, Y, Lin, H, and Fu, Z (1999) Effect of benzene, toluene, xylene on the semen quality of exposed workers. Chin med J 112, 709-712 Xiao, G, Pan, C, Cai, Y, Lin, H, and Fu, Z (2001) Effect of benzene, toluene, xylene on the semen quality and the function of accessory gonad of exposed workers. Ind Health 39, 206-210 Benzene VCCEP Submission 239 March 2006
Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen, J.K., et al. 1992. Transplacental genotoxicity of triethylenemelamine, benzene, and vinblastin in mice. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 12: 23- 30. Xu, X, Cho, S, Sammel, M, You, L, Cui, S, Huang, Y, Ma, G, Padungtod, C, Pothier, L, Niu, T, Christiani, D, Smith, T, Ryan, L, and Wang, L (1998) Association of petrochemical exposure with spontaneous abortion. Occupational Environmental Medicine 55, 31-36 Yardley-Jones, A., Anderson, D., Jenkinson, P.C., et al. 1988. Genotoxic effects in peripheral blood and urine of workers exposed to low level benzene. Br J Ind Med 45: 694-700. Yardley-Jones, A., Anderson, D., Lovell, D.P. et al. 1990. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations in workers exposed to low level benzene. Br J Ind Med 47: 48-51. Yin S-N, Hayes RB, Linet MS, Li G-L, Dosemeci M, Travis LB, Li C-Y, Zhang Z-N, Li D-G, Chow W-H, Wacholder S, Wang Y-Z, Jiang Z-L, Dai T-R, Zhang W-Y, Chao X-J, Ye P-Z, Kou Q-R, Zhang X-C, Lin X-F, Meng J-F, Ding C-Y, Zho J-S, Blot WJ (1996) A cohort study of cancer among benzene-exposed workers in China: overall results. Am.J.Ind.Med. 29:227-235. Yin S-N, Li G-L, Tain F-D, Fu Z-I, Jin C, Chen Y-J, Luo S-J, Ye P-Z, Zhang J-Z, Wang G-C, Zhang X-C, Wu H-N, Zhong Q-C (1987) Leukaemia in benzene workers: a retrospective cohort study. Br.J.Ind.Med. 44:124-128. Yin, S., Li, G., Hu, Y., et al. 1987. Symptoms and signs of workers exposed to benzene, toluene or the combination. Ind Health 25: 113-130. Yin S-N, Li G-L, Tain F-D, Fu Z-I, Jin C, Chen Y-J, Luo S-J, Ye P-Z, Zhang J-Z, Wang G-C, Zhang X-C, Wu H-N, Zhong Q-C (1989) A retrospective cohort study of leukemia and other cancers in benzene workers. Environ.Health Perspect. 82:207-213. Yin S-N, Li Q, Liu Y, Tian F, Du C, Jin C (1987) Occupational exposure to benzene in china. Br.J.Ind.Med. 44:192-195. Yu R, Weisel CP (1996) Measurement of the urinary benzene metabolite trans,trans-muconic acid from benzene exposure in humans. J.Toxicol.Environ.Health 48:453-477. Zhang, L., Robertson, M. L., Kolachana, P., Davison, A. J., and Smith, M. T. (1993). Benzene metabolite, 1,2,4-benzenetriol, induces micronuclei and oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes and HL60 cells. Environ.Mol.Mutagen. 21, 339-348. Zhang, L. P., Rothman, N., Wang, Y.-Z., Hayes, R. B., Yin, S.-N., Titenko-Holland, N., Dosemeci, M., Wang, Y.-Z., Kolachana, P., Xi, L.-J., Li, G.-L., Smith, M. T., Haas, R., Wiemels, J., Campleman, S., Quintana, P. J. E., Meyer, K. B., Bechtold, W., and Blot, W. (1995). Benzene induces gene-duplicating but not gene-inactivating mutations at the glycophorin A locus in exposed humans. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92, 4069-4073. Zhang, L. P., Rothman, N., Wang, Y. X., Hayes, R. B., Bechtold, W., Venkatesh, P., Yin, S. N., Wang, Y. Z., Dosemeci, M., Li, G. L., Lu, W., and Smith, M. T. (1996). Interphase cytogenetics of workers exposed to benzene. Environ.Health Perspect. 104 Suppl. 6, 1325-1329. Benzene VCCEP Submission 240 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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