(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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OSHA sets both permissible exposure limits (PELs) and short-term exposure limits (STELs). A PEL is the maximum concentration to which workers may be exposed in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week, and a STEL is the maximum 15-minute concentration to which workers may be exposed during any 15-minute period of the workday. For benzene, OSHA has set the PEL at 1 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration, and the STEL at 5 ppm as a 15-minute TWA STEL [see 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1028(c)]. These exposure limits apply to all industries, including construction and maritime, with the exception of certain subsegments (e.g., distribution and sale of fuels, sealed containers and pipelines, coke production, oil and gas drilling and production, natural gas processing, and the percentage exclusion for liquid mixtures) (see 29 C.F.R. §§ 1910.1028(c), 1915.1028, 1926.1128). For these subsegments of industry, OSHA has set an 8-hour TWA of 10 ppm, an acceptable ceiling of 25 ppm, and an acceptable maximum peak above this ceiling of 50 ppm for a maximum duration of 10 minutes (see 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1000, Table Z-1, note 1(d); Table Z-2). The NIOSH-recommended exposure limit (REL) for benzene is 0.1 ppm as a TWA for up to an 8-hour work shift and a 40-hour work week, and the recommended STEL is 1 ppm (see NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards). ACGIH has assigned benzene a threshold limit value (TLV ® ) of 0.5 ppm as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week, and a STEL of 2.5 ppm for periods not to exceed 15 minutes (see ACGIH, 2005 TLVs ® and BEIs ® ). 4.5 HUD Regulation The Department of Housing and Urban Development attempts to minimize exposure to benzene through regulations relating to the location of HUD-assisted projects. These regulations help calculate the acceptable separation distance between HUD-assisted projects and hazardous operations that store, handle, or process hazardous substances and provide guidance for identifying and assessing these hazardous operations. Benzene is one of the hazardous substances addressed by these regulations (see 24 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart C, App. I). 4.6 State Regulation In addition to the federal regulatory programs described briefly above, benzene is subject to a wide variety of state regulations. A description of such programs is well beyond the scope of this regulatory overview, but in many instances, these regulatory programs are more stringent than federal requirements. Many federal statutes, such as the Clean Air Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act, permit or, in some instances, require states to apply additional regulatory measures. For example, California has extensive air toxics and VOC regulations that go well beyond federal requirements. These include specific air toxics programs, stringent mobile-source (both fuels and vehicle) controls, and other regulatory controls. In recent years, many of these California programs have been adopted or extended by other states, particularly those in the Northeast. More recently, several localities have enacted local air toxics programs that provide further controls on releases of benzene to the environment. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 21
5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section provides general information for benzene, including physical and chemical properties, environmental fate, production, uses, and environmental sources and releases. Detailed discussions on benzene physical, chemical and environmental fate properties are available in the ATSDR (1997, 2005) profile and descriptions of the various sources of benzene can be found in EPA (U.S. EPA 1998). Detailed sector notebooks are also available for several industries (e.g., the organic chemical industry or petroleum refining industry) from the EPA Office of Compliance (U.S. EPA, 1995a,b). For the facilities that reported year 2003 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data, on-site air emissions accounted for 93% of total facility emissions. In addition to direct emissions to the air, over 99.9% of all benzene releases partition to the air (ATSDR, 1997, 2005). While the primary focus of this section is on sources of air emissions and air levels given benzene’s release pattern and fate characteristics, releases to water and soil are also discussed briefly. 5.1 Chemical Identity The information pertaining to the chemical identity of benzene is presented in Table 5.1 below. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Table 5.1: Chemical Identity of Benzene Property Value Reference Chemical name Benzene HSDB, 2002 Chemical formula C6H6 HSDB, 2002 Chemical structure Merck, 1989 CAS number 71-43-2 HSDB, 2002 HSDB = Hazardous Substance Data Bank 22
Page 1 and 2: Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
Page 3 and 4: 6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
Page 5 and 6: Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
Page 7 and 8: STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
Page 9 and 10: enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
Page 11 and 12: A fertility study in female rats ex
Page 13 and 14: estimate is very conservative both
Page 15 and 16: 2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
Page 17 and 18: 2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
Page 19 and 20: Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
Page 21 and 22: 4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
Page 23 and 24: passenger vehicles operated at cold
Page 25 and 26: Benzene has been designated a hazar
Page 27: products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
Page 31 and 32: Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
Page 33 and 34: general, the production rate is abo
Page 35 and 36: gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
Page 37 and 38: The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Page 41 and 42: Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
Page 43 and 44: 6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
Page 45 and 46: 6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
Page 47 and 48: that transient, high peak exposures
Page 49 and 50: absorption compared to inhalation,
Page 51 and 52: increased risk of disease. It shoul
Page 53 and 54: The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Page 55 and 56: exposure. This was also supported b
Page 57 and 58: follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
Page 59 and 60: development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
Page 61 and 62: quantification of benzene air conce
Page 63 and 64: 4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
Page 65 and 66: 6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
Page 67 and 68: eakage and loss was comparable whet
Page 69 and 70: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 71 and 72: Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
Page 73 and 74: Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
Page 75 and 76: 6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
Page 77 and 78: induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
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Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
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Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
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Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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the continental U.S. for each leuke
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in significant reductions in benzen
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Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
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Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
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Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
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CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
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Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
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Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
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Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
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Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
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Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
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Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
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Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
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Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
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Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
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Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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