(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Spano, M., Pacchierotti, F., Uccelli, R., Amendola, R., and Bartoleschi, C. 1989. Cytotoxic effects of benzene on mouse germ cells determined by flow cytometry. J Toxicol Environ Health 26: 361-372. Spear RC, Bois FY, Woodruff T, Auslander D, Parker J, Selvin S. (1991). Modeling benzene pharmacokinetics across three sets of animal data: parametric sensitivity and risk implications. Risk Anal. 11(4):641-54. Spielman H.B. 2000. Follow-up Industrial Hygiene Survey, Indoor Environmental Quality, April, 2000. HSA Project No. 00LA331. Completed July 3, 2000. Spielman, H.B. 1999. Industrial hygiene survey, new portable classrooms at Rio Vista Elementary School. HSA Project No. 99LA379. October 25, 1999 Srbova J, Teisinger J, Kramovsky S (1950) Absorption and elimination of inhaled benzene in man. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 2:1-8. Stillman, W. S., Varella-Garcia, M., Gruntmeir, J. J., and Irons, R. D. (1997). The benzene metabolite, hydroquinone, induces dose-dependent hypoploidy in a human cell line. Leukemia 11, 1540-1545. Stillman, W. S., Varella-Garcia, M., and Irons, R. D. (1999). The benzene metabolites hydroquinone and catechol act in synergy to induce dose-dependent hypoploidy and-5q31 in a human cell line. Leuk.Lymphoma 35, 269-281. Stoner, R.D., Drew, R.T., and Bernstein, D.M. 1981. Benzene inhalation effects upon tetanus antitoxic responses and leukemogenesis in mice. In Coal Conversion and the Environment, Mahlum, D. D., et al., Eds. Oak Ridge, TN; Us DOE Technical Information Center: 445-461. Strucker, I, Mandereau, L, Aubert-Berleur, M, Deplan, F, Paris, A, Richard, A, and Hemon, D (1994) Occupational paternal exposure to benzene and risk of spontaneous abortion. Occup Environ Med 51, 475-478 Styles, J.A., and Richardson, C.R. 1984. Cytogenetic effects of benzene: Dosimetric studies on rats exposed to benzene vapor. Mutat Res 135: 203-209. Svirbely, J.L., Dunn, R.C., and von Oettingen, W.F. 1943. The acute toxicity of certain solvents containing appreciable amounts of benzene and toluene. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 25: 366-373. Tardif R, Charest-Tardif G, Brodeur J, Krishnan K. (1997). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of a ternary mixture of alkyl benzenes in rats and humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 144(1)120-34. Tátrai, E., Ungváry, G.Y., Hudak, A., et al. 1980. Concentration dependence of the embryotoxic effects of benzene inhalation in CFY rats. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 24: 363-371. Theriault G, Goulet L (1979) A mortality study of oil refinery workers. J.Occup.Med. 21:367-370. Benzene VCCEP Submission 231 March 2006
Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Clayton, C.A., Perritt, R.L., Dietz, R.N., Goodrich, R.W., Nelson, W.C., and Wallace, L.A. 1993. Temporal variability of benzene exposures for residents in several New Jersey homes with attached garages or tobacco smoke. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 3(1): 49-73. Thomas RS, Bigelow PL, Keefe TJ, Yang RS. (1996). Variability in biological exposure indices using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 57(1):23-32. Thomas TL, Waxweiler RJ, Moure-Eraso R, Itaya S, Fraumentti F (1982) Mortality patterns among workers in three Texas oil refineries. J.Occup.Med. 24:135-141. Thrall KD, Callahan PJ, Weitz KK, Edwards JA, Brinkman MC, Kenny DV. (2001). Design and evaluation of a breath-analysis system for biological monitoring of volatile compound. AIHAJ. 62(1):28-35. Thurston, S, Ryan, L, Christiani, D, Snow, R, Carlson, J, You, L, Cui, S, Ma, G, Wang, L, Huang, Y, and Xu, X (2000) Petrochemical exposure and menstrual disturbances. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38, 555-564 Tice, R.R., Costa, D.L., and Drew, R.T. 1980. Cytogenetic effects of inhaled benzene in murine bone marrow: Induction of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal aberrations and cellular proliferation inhibition in DBA/2 mice. Proc Natl. Acad Sci USA 77: 2148-2152. Tice, R.R., Vogt, T.F. and Costa, D.L. 1982. Cytogenetic effects of inhaled benzene in murine bone marrow. In: Genotoxic effects of airborne agents. Environ Sci Res 25: 257-275. Tironi, G., Nebel, G.J. and Williams, R.L. 1986. Measurement of Vapor Exposure During Gasoline Refueling. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 860087. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotire Engineers, 1986. Tompa, A., Major, J., Jakab, M.G. 1994. Monitoring of benzene-exposed workers for genotoxic effects of benzene: improved- working-conditions-related decrease in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 304: 159-165. Topham, J.C. 1980. Do induced sperm-head abnormalities in mice specifically identify mammalian mutagens rather than carcinogens? Mutat Res 74: 379-387. Tough, I.M. and Court-Brown, W.M. 1965. Chromosome aberrations and exposure to ambient benzene. Lancet 1: 684. Tough, I.M., Smith, P.G., and Brown, W.M.C. 1970. Chromosome studies on workers exposed to atmospheric benzene. Europ J Cancer 6: 49-55. Townsend JC, Ott MG, Fishbeck WA (1978) Health exam findings among individuals occupationally exposed to benzene. J.Occup.Med. 20:543-548. Traver RD, Siegel D, Beall HD, Phillips RM, Gibson NW, Franklin WA, Ross D (1997) Characterization of a polymorphism in NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase). Br.J.Cancer 75:69-75. Benzene VCCEP Submission 232 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
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Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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