(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999b. Control of Emissions from New Non-Road Spark-Ignition Engines Rated Above 19 Kilowatts and New Land-Based Recreational Spark-Ignition Engines; Notice of Proposed Finding. 64 Federal Register 6008 February 8, 1999. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999c. Regulatory Announcement. New Phase 2 Standards for Small Spark-Ignition Nonhandheld Engines. Office of Mobile Sources. EPA-420F-99-008. March 1999. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2000a. Memo from Linc Wehrly: Emission Modeling for Recreational Vehicles, November 13, 2000. EPA420F-00-051. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2000b. Regulatory Announcement. Final Phase 2 Standards for Small Handheld Engines. Office of Transportation and Air Quality. EPA 420-F-00-007. March 2000. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2001. USEPA Draft Regulatory Support Document: Control of Emissions from Unregulated NonRoad Engines, September 2001. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2002a. RFG and Conventional Gasoline Parameters, 1997-2002, US EPA Report, Gasoline Fuels: http://www.epa.gov/omswww/regs/fuels/rfg/properf/cg-params97-02.htm (accessed February 24, 2006). United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2002b. Draft Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs. EPA Office of Water. EPA 816-D-02-006, p. 4-3. August, 2002. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2002c. Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/P-00/002B. September 2002. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003a. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Online electronic data files (http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0276.htm). Last updated April 17, 2003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003b. EPA TRI Explorer Report (USYR) – Releases Trends Report for Benzene. Accessed at http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer/trends.htm, accessed 7/1/03. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2005a. Supplemental guidance for assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens. EPA/630/R-03/003F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2005b. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. EPA/630/P-03/001B. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC. Benzene VCCEP Submission 235 March 2006
URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the Houston-Galveston area (A historical perspective). Houston Regional Monitoring Corporation, March 2002. Vainiotalo, S. 1999. Customer exposure to MTBE, TAME, C6, alkyl methyl ethers, and benzene during gasoline refueling. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(2): 133-140. Valentine, J.L., Lee, S.S.T., Seaton, M.J., et al. 1996. Reduction of benzene metabolism and toxicity in mice that lack CYP2E1 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 141: 205-213. Vallespi, T., Imbert, M., Mecucci, C., Preudhomme, C., and Fenaux, P. (1998) Diagnosis, classification, and cytogenetics of myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica 83(3), 258-75 Van den Berghe, H., Louwagie, A., Broeckaert-Van Orshoven, A., David, G., and Verwilghen, R. (1979). Chromosome analysis in two unusual malignant blood disorders presumably induced by benzene. Blood 53, 558-566. Van den Berghe, H., Vermaelen, K., Mecucci, C., Barbieri, D., and Tricot, G. (1985). The 5q- anomaly. Cancer Genet.Cytogenet. 17, 189-225. Van der Velden, J., Putten, W., Guinee, V., Pfeiffer, G., van Leeuwen, F., van der Linden, E., Vardomskaya, I., and Eghbali, H. (1988). Subsequent develoment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia in patients treated for Hodgkin's Disease. Int. J. Cancer 42 , 252-255. Vara, P., and Kinnunen, O. 1946. Benzene poisoning as a gynegological problem. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 26: 433-452 (OTS 8EHQ-0279-0244. Vayghani, S.A. and Weisel, C.P. 1999. The MTBE air concentrations in the cabin of automobiles while refueling. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9: 261-267. Venitt, S. 1985. Summary report of the performance of the bacterial mutation assays. In: Ashby, J., deSerres, F.J., Draper, M., Ishidate, M. Jr., Margolin, B.H., Matter, B.E., and Shelby, M.D., eds. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogenesis: report of the International Programme on Chemical Safety’s collaborative study on in vitro assays. Vol. 5., Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. Pp11-23. Vigliani EC, Forni A (1976) Benzene and leukemia. Environ.Res. 11:122-127 Vigliani EC, Saita G (1964) Benzene and leukemia. N.Engl.J.Med. 271:872-876 Vigliani, E C (1976) Leukemia associated with benzene exposure Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 271, 143- 151 Vozovaya, M.A. 1975. Action of low concentrations of benzene, dischloroethane and their combination on the generative function of animals and the development of progeny. Gig. Tr. Prox. Label 7: 20-23 [English abstract]. Vozovaya, M.A. 1976. The effect of small concentrations of benzene and dischloroethane separately and combined on the reproductive function of animals. G. Sanit 6: 100-102 [English abstract]. Benzene VCCEP Submission 236 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
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Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241: United States Environmental Protect
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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