(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Glass D, Gray C, Jolley D, Gibbons C, Sim M, Fritschi L, Adams G, Bisby J, Manuell R (2003) Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure. Epidemiology 14:569-577 Genter, M.B. and Recio, L. 1994. Absence of detectable P450 2E1 in bone marrow of B6C3F1 mice: relevance to benzene-induced bone marrow toxicity. Fundam Appl Toxicol 22: 469-473. Gerarde, H.W. 1960. Toxicology and biochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons. In Elsevier Monographs on Toxic Agents. Elsevier Publishing Co., NY pp 8-321. Giles G, Lickiss BM, Lowenthal R, Panton J (1984) Myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders in Tasmania, 1972-1980. JNCI 1233. Glass D, Gray C, Jolley D, Gibbons C, Sim M, Fritschi L, Adams G, Bisby J, Manuell R (2003) Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure. Epidemiology 14:569-577. Glatt, H., Padykula, R., Berchtold, G.A. et al. 1989. Multiple activation pathways of benzene leading to products with varying genotoxic characteristics. Environ Health Perspect 82: 81-89. Glatt, H., and Witz, G. 1990. Studies on the induction of gene mutation in bacterial and mammalian cells by the ring-opened benzene metabolites trans, trans-muconaldehyde and trans, trans-muconic acid. Mutagenesis 5: 263-266. Glaubiger D, von Hoff D, Holcenberg J, Kamen B, Pratt C, Ungerleider R (1982) The relative tolerance of children and adults to anticancer drugs. Front. Radiat. Ther. Onc. 16:42-49 Glauert, H.P., Kennan, W.S., Sattler, G.L. et al. 1985. Assays to measure the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes. In: Ashby, J., deSerres, F.J., Draper, M., Ishidate, M. Jr., Margolin, B.H., Matter, B.E., and Shelby, M.D., eds. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogenesis: report of the International Programme on Chemical Safety’s collaborative study on in vitro assays. Vol. 5., Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. Pp. 371-373. Gofmekler, V.A. 1968. Effects in embryonic development of benzene and formaldehyde. Hyg. Sanit. 33: 327-332 [English abstract]. Goldstein B (2004) Benzene exposure and leukemia. Epidemiology 15:509-510 Goldstein, B.D. 1988. Benzene toxicity. Occup Med 3:541-554. Goldstein, B.D. 1985. Risk assessment and risk management of benzene by the Environmental Protection Agency. In: Risk quantitation and regulatory policy, Banbury Report 19:293-304. Goldstein, B.D., Snyder, C.A., Laskin, S., et al. 1982. Myelogenous leukemia in rodents inhaling benzene. Toxicol Lett 13: 169-173. Goldstein BD (1979) Twelve-week inhalation toxicity study of benzene on seven species of animals. API Med. Res. Publ., Washington DC Benzene VCCEP Submission 209 March 2006
Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in the blood following exposure to benzol. J.Lab.Clin.Med. 26:957-973 Golomb, H. M., Alimena, G., Rowley, J. D., Vardiman, J. W., Testa, J. R., and Sovik, C. (1982). Correlation of occupation and karyotype in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 60, 404-411. Gordon S.M., Callahan P.J., Nishioka M.G., Brinkman M.C., O'Rourke M.K., Lebowitz M.D., Moschandreas, D.J. 1999. Residential environmental measurements in the national human exposure assessment survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. Sep-Oct;9(5):456-70. Graboski, M.S., Mowery, D.L. and McClellan, J. . 1998. Microenvironmental Exposure Analysis Evaluation of the Toxicity of Conventional and Oxygenated Motor Fuels. International Fall Fuels & Lubricants Meeting and Exposition. San Francisco, CA, 1998. Grandjean P, Anderson O (1991) Lung cancer in filling station attendants. Am J Ind Med 20(6):763-8. Green, J.D., Snyder, C.A., LoBue, J., Goldstein, B.D., and Albert, R.E. 1981a. Acute and chronic dose/response effect of benzene inhalation on the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells of CD-1 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 59: 204-214. Green, J.D., Snyder, C.A., LoBue, J., Goldstein, B.D., and Albert, R.E. 1981b. Acute and chronic dose/response effect of benzene inhalation on the multipotential hematopoietic stem (CFU-S) and granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GM-CFU-C) cells in CD-1 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 59: 492-503. Green, J.K., Leong, B.K.J., and Laskin, S. 1978. Inhaled benzene fetotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 46: 9-18. Greenburg L, Mayers MR, Goldwater LJ, Smith AR (1939) Benzene (benzol) poisoning in the rotogravure printing industry in New York City. J.Ind.Hyg.Toxicol. 21(8):395-420 Guldberg, P.H. 1992. Gasoline and vapor exposures in service station and leaking underground storage tank scenarios. Journal of Exposure Analysts and Environmental Epidemiology, 2(1): 97-107. Gun R, Griffith E, Adams G, Bisby J, Robinson K (2004) Update of a prospective study of mortality and cancer incidence in the Australian Petroleum Industry. Occuopational and Environmental Medicine 61:150-156 Haddad S, Beliveau M, Tardif R, Krishnan K. (2001). A PBPK modeling-based approach to account for interactions on the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Toxicol. Sci. 63(1):125-31. Hamilton A (1922) The growing menace of benzene (benzol) poisoning in American industry. JAMA 78:627 Benzene VCCEP Submission 210 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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