(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Erdogan, G., and Aksoy, M. 1973. Cytogenetic studies in thirteen patients with pancytopenia and leukemis associated with long-term exposure to benzene. New Istanbul Contrib Clin Sci 10: 230-247. Erexson, G.G., Wilmer, J.L., Steinhagen, W.H., et al. 1986. Induction of cytogenetic damage in rodents after short-term inhalation of benzene. Environ Mutagen 8: 29-40. Erf LA, Rhoads CP (1939) The hematological effects of benzene (benzol) poisoning. J.Ind.Hyg.Toxicol. 21:421-435 Evans, H.L., Dempster, A.M., and Snyder, C.A. 1981. Behavioral changes in mice following benzene inhalation. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 3: 481-485. Exxon Chemical Company. 1986. Determination of maternal toxicity and fetal toxicity of benzene in rats following oral exposure. TSCA 8E Submission OTS Fiche #OTS0536017. [IRIS, 1998] Fabietti, F., Ambruzzi, A. Delise, M. and Sprechini, M.R. 2004. Monitoring of the benzene and toluene contents in human milk. Environment International 30: 397-401. Fagioli, F., Cuneo, A., Piva, N., Carli, M. G., Previati, R., Balboni, M., Tomasi, P., Cariani, D., Scapoli, G., and Castoldi, G. (1992). Distinct cytogenetic and clinicopathologic features in acute myeloid leukemia after occupational exposure to pesticides and organic solvents. Cancer 70, 77-85. Fan, X-h. 1992. Effects of exposure to benzene on natural killer (NK) cell activity and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in C57Bl/6 mice. J Nippon Med Sch 59: 393-399 [in IRIS, 1998]. Farris, G.M., Everitt, J.I., Irons, R.D., et al. 1993. Carcinogenicity of inhaled benzene in CBA mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 20: 503-507. Farris, G.M., Wong, V.A., Wong, B.A. et al. 1997. Benzene-induced micronuclei in erythrocytes: an inhalation concentration-response study in B6C3F1 mice. Mutagenesis 11: 455-462. Fedoruk, M.J. and Kerger, B.D. 2003. Measurement of volatile organic compounds inside automobiles. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 13:31-41. Feingold, L, Savitz, D, and John, E (1992) Use of a job-exposure matrix to evaluate parental occupation and childhood cancer. Cancer Causes and Control 3, 161-169 Feychting, M., Plato, N., Nise, G. and Ahlborn, A. 2001. Paternal occupational exposures and childhood cancer. Environ Health Perspect 109: 193-196. Fisher, J., Mahle, D., Bankston, L., Green, R., Gearhart, J., 1997. Lactational Transfer of Volatile Chemicals in Breast Milk. American Industrial Hygiene Assoc., 58(6): 425-431. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1999. Total Diet Study. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed at http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/tds-toc.html on June 7, 2002. Benzene VCCEP Submission 207 March 2006
Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in benzene genotoxicity in humans. Toxicol Letters 72: 185-190. Forni, A.M., Cappellini, A., Pacifico, E., et al. 1971. Chromosome changes and their evolution in subjects with past exposure to benzene. Arch Environ Health 23: 385-391. Forni, A, and Vigliani, E C (1974) Chemical leukemogenesis in man. Semin.Hematol. 7(2), 211- 223 Fowles, J. and Bates, M, 2000. The chemical constituents in cigarettes and cigarette smoke: priorities in harm reduction. Report to the New Zealand Ministry of Health. Frantik, E., Hornychova, M., and Horvath, M. 1994. Relative acute neurotoxicity of solvents: Isoeffective aair concentrations of 48 compounds evaluated in rats and mice. Environ Res 66: 173-185. Franz T.J. 1984. Percutaneous absorption of benzene. In: McFarland HN (ed). Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology. Vol 6, Applied Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Princeton, NJ: Scientific Publishers, pp. 61-70. French, J.E., and Saulnier, M. 2000. Benzene Leukemogenesis: An environmental carcinogeninduced tissue-specific model of neoplasia using genetically altered mouse models. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 61: 377-379. Fugler, D., Grande, C. and Graham, L., 2002. Attached garages are likely path for pollutants. ASHRAE IAQ Applications, Vol. 3 (No. 3). Fujie, K., Ito, Y. and Maeda, S. 1992. Acute cytogenetic effect of benzene on rat bone marrow cells in vivo and the effect of inducers or inhibitors of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Mutat Res: 298: 81-90. Funes-Cravioto, F, Zapata-Gayon, C, Kolmodin-Hedman, C, lamber, B, Lindsten, J, Norberg, E, and Swensson, A (1977) Chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange in workers in chemical laboratories and a rotoprinting factory and in children of women laboratory workers. Lancet 2, 322-325 Gad-El-Karim MM, Ramanujam VMS, Ahmed AE, Legator MS (1985) Benzene myeloclastogenicity: a function of its metabolism. Am.J.Ind.Med. 7:475-484 Genter MB, Recio L (1994) Absence of detectable P450 2E1 in bone marrow of B6C3F1 mice: relevance to butadiene-induced bone marrow toxicity. Fundam.Appl.Toxicol. 22:469-473 Gerarde HW (1959) Toxicological Studies on Hydrocarbons. In: A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health, American Medical Association, pp 403-418 Giles G, Lickiss BM, Lowenthal R, Panton J (1984) Myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders in Tasmania, 1972-1980. JNCI 1233 Gill DP, Kempen RR, Nash JB, Ellis S (1979) Modifications of benzene myelotoxicity and metabolism by phenobarbital, SKF-525A and 3-Methylcholanthrene. Life Sci 25:1633-1640 Benzene VCCEP Submission 208 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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