(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Table 8.2. Toxicity values for benzene: EPA default approach Calculation of absorbed-dose noncancer reference values and cancer slope factors for benzene. Table demonstrates the range of values obtained from various assumptions and modeling approaches. Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 Cancer Slope Factors Noncancer Reference Values Lower-Bound Lower-Bound Upper-Bound Unit IRIS default Alternative 3 a TLV-Based b Nonlinear Model Linear Model Linear Model Initial value (air concentration) ppm -- -- 0.5 -- -- -- Initial value (air unit risk) ppm –1 -- -- -- 8.6E-05 Conversion factor 1 mg/m 3 per ppm -- -- 3.19 3.19 -- -- Initial value (air concentration) mg/m 3 0.03 0.9 1.6 -- -- -- Initial value (air unit risk) (µg/m 3 ) –1 -- -- -- 2.7E-08 2.2E-06 7.8E-06 Conversion factor 2 µg/mg -- -- -- 1,000 1,000 1,000 Inhalation rate m 3 /day 20 20 10 20 20 20 Absorption factor % 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% Body weight kg 70 70 70 70 70 70 Reference Dose [RfD] (absorbed) mg/kg-day 0.004 0.1 0.1 -- -- -- Cancer Slope Factor [CSF] (absorbed) (mg/kg-day) –1 -- -- -- 1.9E-04 1.5E-02 5.5E-02 Note: Because both the reference dose and the cancer slope factor were calculated on an absorbed-dose basis, the same value is used Note: for all pathways (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal). a See Table 8-1 and text for details. b Value for adult occupational exposures, based on the ACGIH threshold limit value (TLV). Reference Dose (absorbed) = Cancer Slope Factor (absorbed) = Converting units on air unit risks from ppm –1 to (µg/m 3 ) –1 8.6×10 –5 ppm 1 ppm × × = 3.19 mg/m 3 1 1,000 µg/mg Initial Value × Inhalation Rate × Absorption Factor Body Weight Initial Value × Conversion Factor 2 × Body Weight Inhalation Rate × Absorption Factor 2.7×10 –8 µg/m 3 175
Table 8.3. Points of departure for margin of safety approach Calculation of absorbed-dose points of departure (POD) for benzene. Cancer Noncancer General General Unit Population Population Initial value ppm 0.1 1 Conversion factor 1 mg/m 3 per ppm 3.19 3.19 Inhalation rate m 3 /day 20 20 Absorption factor % 50% 50% Body weight kg 70 70 Point of departure mg/kg-day 0.05 0.5 Note: Because all points of departure are calculated on an absorbed-dose basis, the same value is Note: used for all pathways (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal). Initial value (general population) Point of departure = Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006 = Initial Valueworkplace × 5 days × 3 7 days 3 Initial Value gen. pop. × Conversion Factor 1 × Inhalation Rate × Absorption Factor Body Weight 176 10 m 3 /day 20 m 3 /day
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
Page 131 and 132: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 133 and 134: Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
Page 135 and 136: In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
Page 137 and 138: Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
Page 139 and 140: e similar to those in other U.S. st
Page 141 and 142: vehicle); the total amount of time
Page 143 and 144: use of small non-road engine equipm
Page 145 and 146: Children may be exposed to benzene
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
Page 149 and 150: An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
Page 151 and 152: In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
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Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
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Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
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Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
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Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
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United States Environmental Protect
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URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
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Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
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Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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