(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Travis C, Quillen J, Arms A (1990) Pharmacokinetics of Benzene. TAP 102:400-420. Travis LB, Li C-Y, Zhang Z-N, Li D-G, Yin S-N, Chow W-H, Li GL, Dosemeci M, Blot W, Fraumeni JFJr, Hayes RB, Linet MS (1994) Hematopoietic malignancies and related disorders among benzene-exposed workers in China. Leuk.Lymphoma 14:91-102. Tsai, P.Y. and Weisel, C.P. 2000. Penetration of evaporative emissions into a home from an M85-fueled vehicle parked in an attached garage. Journal of Air & Waste Management, 50:371- 377. Tsai SP, Wen CP, Weiss NS, Wong O, McClellan WA, Gibson RL (1983) Retrospective mortality and medical surveillance studies of workers in benzene areas of refineries. J.Occup.Med. 25(9):685-692. Tsai S, Fox E, Ransdell J, Wendt J, Waddell L, Donnelly R (2004) A hematology surveillance study of petrochemical workers exposed to benzene. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 40:67-73. Tunek, A., Oloffson, T., and Berlin, M. 1981. Toxic effects of benzene and benzene metabolites on granulopoietic stem cells and bone marrow cellularity in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 59: 149-156. Tucker, M., Meadows, A., Boice, J., Stovall, M., Oberlin, O., Stone, B., Birch, J., Voute, P., Hoover, R., and Fraumeni, J. (1987). Leukemia after therapy with alkylating agents for childhood cancer. JNCI 78, 459-464. Tuo, J., Loft, S., Thomsen, M.S., and Poulsen, H.E. 1996. Benzene-induced genotoxicity in mice in vivo detected by the alkaline comet assay: reduction by CYP2E1 inhibition. Mutat Res 368: 213-219. Turteltaub KW, Frantz CE, Creek MR, Vogel JS, Shen N, Fultz E. 1993. DNA adducts in model systems and humans.J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1993;17F:138-48. Ungváry, G., and Donath, T. 1984. Effect of benzene and its methyl-derivatives (toluene, pxylene) on post ganglionic noradrenergic nerves. Z. Mikrosk-Anat Forsch 98: 755-763 [in IRIS, 1998]. Ungváry, G., and Tátrai, E. 1985. On the embryotoxic effects of benzene and its alkyl derivatives in mice, rats, and rabbits. Arch Toxicol 8: 425-430. U.S. Department of Interior (2000). Air Quality Concerns Related to Snowmobile Usage in National Parks. National Parks Service, Air Resources Division. Denver Colorado. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1985. Final draft for drinking water criteria document on benzene. Office of Drinking Water PB86-118122. Washington, DC United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1989. Risk assessment guidance for Superfund—Volume I: human health evaluation manual (Part A). Interim final. EPA/540/1- 89/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. Benzene VCCEP Submission 233 March 2006
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1991a. Risk assessment guidance for Superfund. Volume I: Human health evaluation manual supplemental guidance. Standard default exposure factors. Interim Final. OSWER Directive 9285.6-03. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1991b. Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study – Report. EPA 21A-2001. USEPA, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington D.C. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1992. Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders. Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/6-90/006F. December, 1992. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1997. Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/P-95/002F. August 1997. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1995a. Profile of the Organic Chemical Industry. EPA Office of Compliance. EPA/310-R-95-012. September 1995. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1995b. Profile of the petroleum refining industry. EPA Office of Compliance. EPA/310-R-95-013. September 1995. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1996a. Measurement of Toxic and Related Air pollutants. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, May 7-9, 1996. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1996b. National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). Accessed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata; accessed 7/1/03. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997a. Second Report to Congress on the Status of the Hazardous Air Pollutant Program under the Clean Air Act. EPA- 453/R-96-015. October 1997. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997b. Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/P-95/002F. August 1997. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998a. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Benzene. EPA Office of Air Quality. EPA 454/R-98-011. June, 1998. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998b. Carcinogenic effects of benzene: an update. EPA/600/P-97/001F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. April. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. A Review of Contaminant Occurrence in Public Water Systems. EPA 816-R-99-006. November 1999. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999a. NONROAD Model Technical Report Addenda for Tier 2 Rulemaking, March 24, 1999. EPA420-R-99-008. March 24, 1999. Benzene VCCEP Submission 234 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
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For children and non-smoking adults
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Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
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ackground pathways of exposure, inc
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8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
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8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
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These findings illustrate examples
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information associated with benzene
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species are more sensitive than oth
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8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
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Cancer risks were calculated using
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NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
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Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
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Table 8.3. Points of departure for
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Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
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Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
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Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
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Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209 and 210: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 211 and 212: CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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