(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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Chen, H. W., and Eastmond, D. A. (1995). Topoisomerase inhibition by phenolic metabolites: A potential mechanism for benzene's clastogenic effects. Carcinogenesis 16, 2301-2307. Cheng, W.K., Bebee, G., Groats, and Rezcek, J.F.K. 1990. A Study of Exposure to Motor Gasoline Hydrocarbon Vapors at Service Stations. CPPI Report No. 90-8. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Petroleum Products Institute, 1990. Choy, W.N., MacGregor, J.T., Shelby, M.D. et al. 1985. Induction of micronuclei by benzene in B6C3F1 mice. Retrospective analysis of peripheral blood smears from the NTP carcinogenesis bioassay. Mutat Res 143: 55-59. Ciranni, R., Barale, R., Marrazzini, A., et al. 1988. Benzene and the genotoxicity of its metabolites. I. Transplacental activity in mouse fetuses and in their dams. Mutat Res 208: 61- 67. Ciranni, R., Barale, R., and Adler, I-D. 1991. Dose-related clastogenic effects induced by benzene in bone marrow cells and in differentiating spermatogonia of Swiss CD1 mice. Mutagenesis 6: 417-422. Clark, D. A., Bairrington, J. D., Bitter, H. L., Coe, F. L., Medina, M. A., Merritt, H. J., and Scott, W. N. (1968). Pharmacology and Toxicology of Propellant Hydrazines. Aeromed.Rev. 11, 1-126. Clayton, C.A., Pellizzari, E.D. and Quackenboss, J.J. 2002. National Human Exposure Assessment Survey: analysis of exposure pathways and routes for arsenic and lead in EPA Region 5. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2002 Jan-Feb;12(1):29-43. Coate, W.B., Hobermann, A.M., and Durloo, R.S. 1984. Inhalation teratology study of benzene in rats. Adv Mod Environ Toxicol 6: 187-198. Coffin D, Garnder D, Sidorenko G, Pinigin M (1977) Role of time as a factor in the toxicity of chemcial compounds in intermittent and continuous exposures. Part I Effects of continuous exposure, Part II Effects of intermittent exposure. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 3:811-828 Colby-Graham, M, and Chordas, C (2003) The Childhood Leukemias. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2, 87-95 Collins JJ, Conner P, Friedlander BR, Easterday PA, Nair RS, Braun J (1991) A study of the hematologic effects of chronic low-level exposure to benzene. J.Occup.Med. 33:619-626 Collins, J.J., Ireland, B.K., Easterday, P.A., Nair, R.S., and Braun, J. 1997. Evaluation of lymphopenia among workers with low-level benzene Exposure and the utility of routine data collection. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 39: 232-237. Collins J, Ireland B, Buckley C, Shepperly D (2003) Lymphohaematopoeitic cancer mortality among workers with benzene exposure. Occup Environ Medicine 60: 23-34 Coltman, C. A., and Dahlberg, S. (1990). Treatment-related leukemia. N.Engl.J.Med. 322, 52- 53. Benzene VCCEP Submission 203 March 2006
CONCAWE. 1996. Scientific basis for an air quality standard on benzene. Prepared by Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc. CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium. CONCAWE. 1999. Environmental exposure to benzene. CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium. Cornish, H.H., and Ryan, R.C. 1965. Metabolism of benzene in non-fasted, fasted and arylhydroxylase inhibited rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 7: 767-771. Cornish, H.H., and Ryan, R.C. 1965. Metabolism of benzene in nonfasted, fasted, and arylhydroxylase inhibited rats.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1965 Nov;7(6):767-71. Corti, M., and Snyder, C.A. 1996. Influences of gender, development, pregnancy and ethanol consumption on the hematotoxicity of inhaled 10ppm benzene. Arch Toxicol 70: 2009-2017. Cox LA Jr. (1996). Reassessing benzene risks using internal doses and Monte-Carlo uncertainty analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 104 Suppl 6:1413-29. Cox LA Jr, Ricci PF. (1992). Reassessing benzene cancer risks using internal doses. Risk Anal. 12(3):401-10. CPSC, 1980. News from CPSC. Office of Information and Public Affairs. Release #80-013. April 16, 1980. CPSC, 1978. News from CPSC. Office of Information and Public Affairs. Release #78-030. April 27, 1978. CRC Press. 1994. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th edition, ed. D. Lide, Cleveland, OH: CRC Press. Creek, R.M., Mani, C., Vogel, J.S., et al. 1997. Tissue distribution and macromolecular binding of extremely low doses of [14C]benzene in B6C3F1 mice. Carcinogenesis 18: 2421-2427. Cronkite EP (1986) Benzene hematotoxicity and leukemogenesis. Blood Cells 12:129-137 Cronkite EP, Bullis JE, Inoue T, Drew RT (1984) Benzene inhalation produces leukemia in mice. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 75:358-361 Cronkite EP, Drew RT, Inoue T, Bullis JE (1985) Benzene hematotoxicity and leukemogenesis. Am.J.Ind.Med. 7:447-456 Cronkite EP, Drew RT, Inoue T, Hirabayashi Y, Bullis JE (1989) Hematotoxicity and carcinogenicity of inhaled benzene. Environ.Health Perspect. 82:97-108 Cronkite EP, Inoue T, Carsten AL, Miller ME, Bullis JE, Drew RT (1982) Effects of benzene inhalation on murine pluripotent stem cells. J.Toxicol.Environ.Health 9:411-421 Crump, K. S. and Allen, B. C. (1984) Quantitative Estimates of Risk of Leukemia from Occupational Exposure to Benzene. Prepared for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration by Science Research Systems, Inc., Ruston, LA. Unpublished. Benzene VCCEP Submission 204 March 2006
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Voluntary Children’s Chemical Eva
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6.1.2 Types of Adverse Health Effec
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Glossary of Terms μg Microgram AA
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STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit TEAM
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enzene induced pancytopenias can pr
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A fertility study in female rats ex
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estimate is very conservative both
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2.0 BASIS FOR INCLUSION OF BENZENE
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2.5 Air Monitoring Data Several of
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Table 3.1: Proposed Benzene AEGL Va
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4.0 Regulatory Overview This sectio
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passenger vehicles operated at cold
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Benzene has been designated a hazar
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products had ceased” [46 Fed. Reg
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5.0 CHEMICAL OVERVIEW This section
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Table 5.3: Environmental Fate and T
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general, the production rate is abo
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gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons, su
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The EPA Office of Air Quality Plann
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Benzene VCCEP Submission March 2006
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Table 5.11: Benzene Releases for Al
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6.1.2.2 Chronic Toxicity Toxicity a
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6.1.2.2e Other Hematopoietic Malign
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that transient, high peak exposures
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absorption compared to inhalation,
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increased risk of disease. It shoul
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The National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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exposure. This was also supported b
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follow-up of this same cohort, Wong
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development of MDS)and/or AML. It i
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quantification of benzene air conce
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4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-9.3) but not ALL
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6.2 Benzene Toxicology—Animal Haz
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eakage and loss was comparable whet
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Table 6.2: In Vivo Genotoxicity of
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Table 6.2 Continued: In Vivo Genoto
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6.2.2.3 Transplacental Genotoxicity
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induce solid tumors in animals in t
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mice in the 300-ppm group had bilat
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decreases in maternal weight gain,
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increased resorptions. The effects
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proposed that transplacental effect
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glycerol lysis time, and incidence
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6.2.5.2 Chronic Toxicity Repeat-dos
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LOAELs for carcinogenic effects in
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the measurements of doses are suspe
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intracellular pathogen, Listeria mo
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2. Evidence indicates that myelotox
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7.0 Exposure Assessments This secti
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throughout childhood, see Table 7.1
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7.2 Sources of Benzene Exposure Chi
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Table 7.3: Outdoor Ambient Air Benz
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Table 7.5: County-Wide 24-hour Ambi
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Age-specific benzene intakes are pr
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Table 7.9: Total ADDs for Exposure
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Table 7.10 (cont.) Study Location a
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Table 7.11: Summary of Benzene Meas
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factor change attributable to benze
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where: ADD = average daily dose (mg
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Table 7.16: Total ADDS from In-Home
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Table 7.18: Summary of Age-Specific
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Table 7.20: Summary Statistics for
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In-Vehicle Exposures In-vehicle exp
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Table 7.30: Average of Mean In-Vehi
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e similar to those in other U.S. st
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vehicle); the total amount of time
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use of small non-road engine equipm
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Children may be exposed to benzene
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Table 7.36: Typical School Year Wee
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An addition of less than 1 µg/m 3
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In the mid-1990s, the American Petr
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Table 7.44: Dermal Benzene Absorpti
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Table 7.47: Product Names and Manuf
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Table 7.49: Summary of Age-Specific
Page 159 and 160: For children and non-smoking adults
Page 161 and 162: Benzene Exposure (mg/kg-day) Figure
Page 163 and 164: ackground pathways of exposure, inc
Page 165 and 166: 8.1.3 EPA Default Risk Assessment N
Page 167 and 168: 8.2.1 Potential for Increased Sensi
Page 169 and 170: These findings illustrate examples
Page 171 and 172: information associated with benzene
Page 173 and 174: species are more sensitive than oth
Page 175 and 176: 8.2.3.1 Point of Departure for Non-
Page 177 and 178: Cancer risks were calculated using
Page 179 and 180: NONCANCER HAZARD QUOTIENT 1.00 0.09
Page 181 and 182: Table 8.1. Derivation of noncancer
Page 183 and 184: Table 8.3. Points of departure for
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4. (cont.) Noncancer Hazard
Page 187 and 188: Table 8.5. Noncancer hazard quotien
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.6. Cancer risk estimates as
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.7. Indoor air comparison (i
Page 193 and 194: Table 8.9. Noncancer margins of saf
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.10. Noncancer margins of sa
Page 197 and 198: Table 8.11. Indoor air comparison (
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.13. (cont.) Notes: Cancer M
Page 201 and 202: the continental U.S. for each leuke
Page 203 and 204: in significant reductions in benzen
Page 205 and 206: Aksoy M (1977) Leukemia in workers
Page 207 and 208: Austin, C.C., Wang, D., Ecobichon,
Page 209: Buckley, J.D., Ribison, L.L., Swoti
Page 213 and 214: Ding, X-J, Li, Y., Ding, Y. el al.
Page 215 and 216: Forni, A. 1994. Comparison of chrom
Page 217 and 218: Goldwater LJ (1941) Disturbances in
Page 219 and 220: Hsieh, G.C., Parker, R.D., and Shar
Page 221 and 222: Jo, W.K. and Park, K.H. 1998. Expos
Page 223 and 224: Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W.
Page 225 and 226: Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Bar
Page 227 and 228: Meadows, A., Obringer, A. M. O., Ba
Page 229 and 230: Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tich
Page 231 and 232: Picciani, D. 1979. Cytogenetic stud
Page 233 and 234: Ross D, Siegel D, Gibson NW, Pachec
Page 235 and 236: Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Cole,
Page 237 and 238: Smith, M. T., Zhang, L. P., Wang, Y
Page 239 and 240: Thomas, K.W., Pellizzari, E.D., Cla
Page 241 and 242: United States Environmental Protect
Page 243 and 244: URS. 2002. Air Quality Trend in the
Page 245 and 246: Weisel, C.P. 2002. Assessing exposu
Page 247 and 248: Xing, S.G., Shi, X., Wu, Z.L., Chen
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(VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE - Tera

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