The Gujral Committee Report - Language in India

Diffusion Diffusion and and Diversification
Diversification
Diversification
from the Persian writers or the court poets. This class character is further brought out by the fact that only a few of these poets arose from the aristocracy or were, associated. with the nobility. On the contrary, we find among them men of a wide variety apart
vocations like sufis, ulema, soldiers, architects, traders, barbers blacksmiths goldsmiths, cloth merchants, masons, even mahouts and palanquin-bearers. of
The last years of Mohammed Shah's reign present the agonizing spectacle of the once mighty empire crumbling into pieces after the sack of Delhi by Nadir Shah. The shaky central authority came to the brink of complete disintegration, as semi- 2.47
governors started asserting autonomy over the provinces they governed. This had to quote Ehtesham Hussain again, "an element of perplexity and pathos for the poets who had no knowledge of the working of history".* To this phenomenon he independent
"the current of tragic sincerity in the creative writings of the period". The poets attributed
the post-Nadir Shah period provides, a contrast to those who preceded the great loot. From among the innumerable poets that one comes across in the Tazkiras, Delhi and Agra were fortunate to have four of the greatest stalwarts who raised the literary stature of
Urdu and developed nascant trends to maturity and perfection. The volume the canvas and the social insight displays in the creation of these giants, namely, Khawja Mir "Dard"- Mirza Mohammed Rafi "Sauda", Mir Taqi "Mir" and Wali Mohammed "Nazir" of
make them the crowning glory of Urdu literature. "Dard" was a great sufi Akbarabadi,
and composed mostly ghazals, seeking communion with the True One. He sang of the yearnings of the soul. Goa was like ocean with which man, a mere drop, must seek poet
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The Gujral Committee Report
ultimate reunion. Before this Reality, the universe was an illusion. But "Dard" gave to this illusory world also his compassionate and allembracing love. Although Sauda" was known for his panegyrics (qusida), his versatile genius could not be contained in a single form. He remains one of our most trenchant satiristis, who attacked individual railings. social chaos and moral degeneration with equal vehemence . He gave Urdu
on Urdu