The Rampart, The Traffic Artery, and the Park; Designing for the city regions of Antwerp

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++++ + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++Inundation area of theestuarium of theScheldt River.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++The NetherlandsBelgium++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Fort Doel1580-1885Scheldt FortsFortOudendijkFortLiefkenshoekFort de PerelFortSint-MarieFortjeHendricFort LilloFort St.Philippe++++++++++++++++++++FortStabroekFortjeCorderenBatterijWilmSchansSmoutakker10 to 12 kilometres++++++Fort ErtbrandThis an anti-tank ditch built b y Antwerp between 1937-193 94 kmAnti-Tank Fortification belt 1885-19395 kilometresFortjeCappellenFortMerxemSchansDrijhoekFortBrasschaetFortSchootento keep out the Germans.SchansAudaenFort 'sGravenwezelThe Grote Omwalling 1859-1865The Krijgsbaan extended to the left bank.Left Bank of the Scheldt RiverDefensive dyck1870-1885Fort vanHaesdonck1906-1914SchansLandmolenFortBornhemSchansPuersSchansHalveMaanFort vanZwijndrechtSchansLauwershoek1906-1914Fort vanSteendorpFortLierzeleFort vanCruybekeWestern Flank 1906-1914SchansLetterheideFortBreendonckFortVlaamschHoofd4 kmFort 8 Fort 7 Fort 6Fort 5LunetDeurneKrijgsbaan, the current R11, connecting th e forts.10 to 12 kilometresFortDeurneFort 4FortWaelhemFort 3Fort 1Fort vanDuffelInundation area ofthe Small and LargeSchijn.Fort 2Brialmont Fortification belt 1859-1865Eastern Flank 1870-1914SchansBoschhoekSchansDorpveldFortKath-Waver5 kilometresSchansSchildeFortOeleghemSchansMassenhovenFortBroechemSchansTallaertFort LierFortKoningshoycktFort Kessel98
Inundation systemInundation systemInundation systemFortification Spiraltime later via railway (Province of Antwerp & Fortengordels, 2014, pp. 76-77).The fortification belt on the left side of the Scheldt, initially onlydefended by Fort Vlaamsch Hoofd and the inundation area, was extendedbetween 1870 and 1885 with the Forts van Curybeke and Zwijndrecht. Thisbelt was connected to the older, but refurbished, Fort Sint Marie via a defensivedyke and Schans Halve Maan (a sconce). Fort Sint Marie, along with theother Scheldt Fort, are the oldest forts in Antwerp’s defence system. Built duringthe 16th century, they continued to defend the Scheldt river and the connectingdykes. The forts on the left bank were also accessible via a Krijgbaan, minusthe railway (Province of Antwerp & Fortengordels, 2014, pp. 76-77).1870-18851870-18851870-1885Fortification SpiralFortification SpiralFortification BeltsFortification BeltsFortification BeltsScheldt FortsLeft Bank ofthe Scheldt RiverScheldt FortsLeft Bank ofthe Scheldt RiverScheldt FortsLeft Bank ofthe Scheldt River1580-18851580-1885Western Flank1906-19141580-1885Western Flank1906-1914Western Flank1906-1914Anti-Tank Fortification belt 1885-1939Anti-Tank Fortification belt 1885-1939Brialmont Belt1859-1865Anti-Tank Fortification belt 1885-1939Brialmont Belt1859-1865Brialmont Belt1859-1865Eastern Flank 1870-1914Eastern Flank 1870-1914Eastern Flank 1870-1914Figure 2.1Drawing of the defensive structureduring Antwerp’s time as NationalRedoubt. The old map that was usedfor this drawing KBR (KBR, n.d.).The fortification belts 4 kilometres from the city were soon overtaken by thefiring range of new artillery – which now extended to an intimidating 7 kilometres.This prompted the construction of the Anti-Tank, the Eastern Flank,and Western Flank fortification belts between 1870 and 1914. Like their oldercousins, the positioning of these peripheral forts was determined by their firingrange. The forts were positioned 10 to 12 kilometres from the inner fortification,with 4 to 5 kilometres between each fort. A sconce was placed betweeneach fort for additional support. This distancing positioned the northern beltnear the border with the Netherlands, and the east and west flank over theriver valley of the Rupel, Nete and Dijle; tributaries of the Scheldt River. In contrastto the inner forts, the peripheral forts also needed to be able to defendthe area behind them in addition to the area next to, and in front of them. Theforts were supplied by the main traffic routes they protected, the Western Flankforts were additionally accessible via train. These last additions brought thetotal to 44 forts and 15 sconces (Province of Antwerp & Fortengordels, 2014,pp. 76-77).Initially the positioning of forts and the level of reinforcement wasinfluenced by whether or not a certain area could be inundated; as illustratedby the Grote Omwalling of which the northern side was significantly lessreinforced than the southern side, the defence system of Linkeroever, and theBrialmont fort belt which did not cover the north. The presence of floodableareas probably became less of an influence due to the same reason as why theolder belts were no longer effective: the increased firing range of artillery. Thishypothesis could be supported by the lack of recorded inundations after the18th century.A final addition to the system would come in the Interbellum; between1937 and 1939 the northern section of the peripheral forts was reinforced bya 33-kilometre-long anti-tank ditch, with a width of 6 metres, and a depth of3 metres. Initially, the ditch was meant to be dry, but because seep could not99
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IIIIII IIaround the cityII I I I II
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Graduation thesis prepared for them
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AbstractAntwerp is currently implem
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Table of ContentsIntroduction 11I E
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still in development. For the ring
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analysis of the region’s past and
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IExploratory Research1.1 De Grote V
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Figure 1.0 - Previous spreadPhotogr
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with the E19 to Brussels, however,
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IIIIIIIIHighway networkHighway netw
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periphery of green areas, or on lar
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Figure 1.5Drawing of the Resilient
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Figure 1.7Image of the four large e
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West; De Urbanisten; Omgeving; COBE
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Figure 1.13A defined urban edge for
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35
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1.2Historical-MorphologicalAnalysis
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Figure 1.15A map of Antwerp in 1573
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1664The map to the left shows Antwe
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Figure 1.17A map of Antwerp around
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dyke has been made to cater to the
Page 47 and 48: city’s surface by a factor of fiv
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.21The masterplan of De Hee
Page 51 and 52: of the city, the Albert Canal has r
Page 53 and 54: with the design of the R1, a larger
Page 55 and 56: ConclusionFigure 1.25Never a place
Page 57 and 58: to read in the landscape or urban f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1.29abstract depiction of th
Page 61 and 62: method for the city to adopt in the
Page 63 and 64: Figure 1.32The Ford Model T in its
Page 65 and 66: recreational zones, consisting of v
Page 67 and 68: 6.Also called the ‘Dwight D. Eise
Page 69 and 70: Figure 1.37An image of war proteste
Page 71 and 72: city, supply is also lagging behind
Page 73 and 74: 15.To be clear; polycentricism can
Page 75 and 76: looks like. Because of the enthusia
Page 77 and 78: CapTunnelCapTunnelEuropeNorth Ameri
Page 79 and 80: We see that morphology and the domi
Page 81 and 82: two side notes here, (1) the domest
Page 83 and 84: 1.3 Optimism, Realism, and Pessimis
Page 85 and 86: hubs, like the P+R structures, or l
Page 87 and 88: scenario in which the ring park has
Page 89 and 90: the densification process of Linker
Page 91 and 92: Green City RingMetropolitan Antwerp
Page 93: Figure 1.42 - previous spreadDrawin
Page 96 and 97: 2.1De Stelling van AntwerpenOn the
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Page 102 and 103: Potential agricultural beltkFuture
Page 104 and 105: Antwerpen++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Page 106 and 107: IIIIII I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Page 108 and 109: Highways and Highways trunk and roa
Page 114 and 115: around the city, including Antwerp
Page 116 and 117: 2.2A Spatial Strategy for theMetrop
Page 120 and 121: of the anti-tank ditch, for the riv
Page 122 and 123: CityLowdensity regionSururbanregion
Page 125 and 126: IIIThe Suburban Region3.1 The Subur
Page 127 and 128: 3.1The SuburbanFortification BeltOn
Page 129 and 130: The water couldgo u n dert h e trac
Page 131 and 132: Figure 3.1 - previous pageDrawing o
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Page 135 and 136: III II IIIEekersegateToEkerenI I I
Page 139 and 140: g lives on in a veryape of the ring
Page 143 and 144: Large natural stuctures and green c
Page 145 and 146: I IIIIII II II II II IIIIII IIIIIII
Page 147 and 148: Highways and main Highways bus rout
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Potential for polycentric developme
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Figure 3.14A plan developed by Labo
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I IIIIII II IIIIIIIIIenNoordkasteel
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Figure 3.15 - previous spreadThe la
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I IIIIII IIIIIIIIIenEkerenToRoosend
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High densitysocial housingHighdensi
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section, since this area is mostly
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As was already mentioned in the pre
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We can distinguish five sections fo
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I IIIIII II IIIIIIIIIsbaan will end
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Highways and main bus routesHighway
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and Deurne could prevent the urbani
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IndustryShopsIndustryIndustryShopsS
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IIIIIIIDevelopment order.Figure 3.2
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4.1The Green City RingOn the role o
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This is Noordkasteel; theculminatio
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IIThis was thThe inundation had an
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Figure 4.4Fort Vlaamsch Hoofd and t
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I IIIIIThe Grote Omwalling lives on
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31 - 35ug/m 336 - 4 0 ug/m 331 - 35
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s better a55 - 59 dBThe birds here
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4 o C4 o C2,5 o C3 o C3,5 o C3,5 o
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The dyke will be raised by 2metres
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The completion and capping of Antwe
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I IIIIII I I IPidpI I I I I I I I I
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e200
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I II I III II II I I ITheres a rail
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Front facades with buffer zone towa
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This is the Oosterweel tunnel.The r
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This is the Oosterweel tunnel.The r
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road - and the Tunnellaan - the car
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LegendFront facadesRear facadesIndu
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LegendFront facadesRear facadesIndu
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Figure 4.15 - previous spreadsMorph
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Sections - cityQuayStreet width = b
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Block configuration - cityOrthogona
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The drawing to the left shows the p
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Looking at the sections of Linkeroe
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and as a last point of retreat for
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an average of four to five floors,
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Hier gaat de treinweer onder.III II
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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IIsitionric.now also going to serve
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public transportridge willwith righ
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Following the Houtdok.Here the Stra
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Hier volgt de morfologie de oriënt
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get a nice urban facade.Morkhoven w
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Figure 4.23 - previous three spread
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Figure 4.25The ring park; a system
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Figure 4.27The concept of the inund
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Figure 4.28Two ring boulevards alon
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The morphology of the ring zoneThe
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The high-rise here willact as a gat
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The high-rise here willact as a gat
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This orientationconnects themiddle
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The left bankThe previous spreads s
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Figure 4.33Drawing of Linkeroever
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Basic principles of Linkeroever’s
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Morphological design principlesThe
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to bring a familiar and natural ext
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Sections Linkeroever - newBlanceflo
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Middenvijver - park front1,5 x stre
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Profile width = building height277
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279
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ConclusionThis research set out to
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At the suburban region, the inner f
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earlier notion that this strategy c
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A big thank you to the employees of
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BibliographyAdemloos.be. (2012, Apr
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Cals, R. (2016, November 28). Levit
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Duffy, M. (2009, August 22). Primar
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Fortengordels. (a). Fort Noordkaste
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Kassam, A. (2017, April 20). This a
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Melosi, M. V. (2010). The Automobil
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Muoio, D. (2017, October 29). The 1
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Rottiers, K. (2004). Wat met de sta
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Van de Sijpe, L. (n.d.). Beschrijvi
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Zeuwts, K. (2012, September 5). Vie
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1.19 - Topotijdreis. (n.d.). Topoti
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3.19 - Municipality of Antwerp. (n.
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Appendix IList of highway caps and
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Cost Financing SourceêÄçìêX= =
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317Cost Financing SourceX=åçí= =
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Cost Financing SourceÜííéëWLL
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Cost Financing SourceÜííéëWLL
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Conclusion morphological analysisMo
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Block configurationCityOrganicOrtho
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SectionsCityAverage streetStreet wi
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SectionsCityQuayStreet width = buil
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Eilandje and SchipperskwartierCombi
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SectionsStreet width = building hei
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‘t NoordAmandus-atheneum, Seefhoe
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SectionsChausseeStreet width = buil
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Block configurationOrthogonal (angu
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ZurenborgCombination of facades, lo
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Sections4,5 x building height = wid
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Block configurationRadialOrthogonal
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‘t Zuid en BrederodeFacades towar
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SectionsStreet width = building hei
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Block configurationOrthogonal (angu
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LinkeroeverCombination of facades,
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Block configurationOrthogonalOrgani
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Street width = building heightHalew
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IsedicndiationaAntwerp is on the ev
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The Rampart, The Traffic Artery, and the Park; Designing for the city regions of Antwerp

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