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But now: either scientific beliefs are true or not. If they are true, then by what coincidence are they thus, if their nonrational origin does not presuppose intelligent guidance? Nor will it help to say that objective tests may be applied to determine the correctness of a given scientific belief: for “what tests can we apply to it which have not the same origins and do not suffer therefore from the same defects?” (Footnote 11: Idem.) If, on the other hand, scientific beliefs do not embody rational truth, “the conclusion of the argument has shattered its premises; and scientific naturalism perishes through the very completeness with which it has destroyed any theory of origins which involves a belief in reason, purpose, or design.” (Footnote 12: Idem.) It is frequently objected, Balfour notes, that natural selection provides a suitable substitute for creative design and hence a sufficient reason for accepting the truth of scientific belief without appeal to theism. (Footnote 13: Ibid., p. 24f.) But this factor is possessed of two basic defects which make it an insufficient explanation: (1)First, natural selection begins too late “to provide human reason with even the imitation of a reasonable origin.” (Footnote 14: Ibid., p. 26f.) It does not explain the environment of life, the production of life itself, or the organic complexes within which variations take place. (Footnote 15: Idem.) (2)Second, natural selection ends too soon to ex- [[Page 149]] plain the validity of our highest reflective beliefs. The supreme values of love, beauty, and knowledge have, in their highest expression, no serious consequence in the struggle for existence. (Footnote 16: Ibid., pp. 26-28.) How, for example, on the naturalistic hypothesis, could such a chance variation as beauty---which possesses no appreciable survival value---play such a large part in the higher life of the race? (Footnote 17: Ibid., p. 31.) And what of intellectual knowledge itself? If knowledge never pushed beyond the bounds within which it effectively
fosters the multiplication of the species, natural selection might pose a reasonable explanation. (Footnote 18: Theism and Humanism, p. 257.) But not so: the very questions about the limits of knowledge, or about the nature of Ultimate Reality, involve the use of intellect for a purpose not “contemplated” by selection and not productive of race survival. (Footnote 19: Ibid., p. 278.) What may be concluded from our analysis? Unless we are prepared to surrender the validity of our highest ideals of knowledge, beauty, and morality, we must posit, beyond the nonrational origins which determine belief, a guiding intelligence, a “Supreme Reason” in whom we must thus believe, if we are to believe in anything. The choice then must be determined on valuational grounds: either we believe in God, or the whole structure of all our beliefs sinks to nonrational dimensions: [indent] If naturalism be true . . . all that gives dignity to life, all that gives value to effort, shrinks and fades under the pitiless glare of a creed like this; and even curiosity, the hardiest among the nobler passions of the soul, must languish under the conviction that neither for this generation nor for any that shall come after it, neither in this life nor in another, will the tie be wholly loosened by which reason, not less than appetite, is half in hereditary bondage to the service of our material needs. (Footnote 20: Foundations, p. 78) CRITICISM OF THE POSITION Of Religious Pragmatism in General
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The Resurrection of Theism
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Copyright ? 2003 Roger Wasson Compa
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Affectionately Dedicated To Three o
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Thus no matter what conclusion one
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Origin of the Present Work: the Nee
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By way of anticipation I should lik
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conviction tempered with a deep Chr
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Sorely,
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Balfour, A. J. The Foundations of B
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Maritain, Jacques. The Degrees of K
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tions and reactions of the nature i
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If a person is to apprehend rationa
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GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduct
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ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I
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Concerning Epistemology Proper ....
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Brunner............................
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Part III NATURAL THEOLOGY AND THE E
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General Nature of the Argument.....
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Conclusion on the Teleological Argu
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CHAPTER III.THE REDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
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to the sphere of logical validity .
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as a whole, or of the particular in
Page 46 and 47:
F. Conclusion on the Objections to
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CHAPTER I THE MEANING OF RATIONAL E
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what have you---but a representativ
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wrong in failing to cede to the rat
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contradiction results directly, whe
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(c) Infinite: in which a single pro
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to that which is its condition.”
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concerning things as noumena, all p
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ally a separate type, or reduces to
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therefore the category of causation
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of thought underlying a categorical
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The application of the categories b
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In a single paragraph Kant dismisse
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determining the number of categorie
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Hence, there is, strictly speaking,
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In other words, our first intelligi
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the fact that knowledge could not b
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from the proposition itself, else t
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Every attempt to derive the categor
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But if necessary logical laws do no
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certainly not an arbitrary definiti
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(4) Intuitionism, finally, asserts
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upon the proper occasion of observa
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knowledge is apparently to be conce
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(iii) An idea which the soul acquir
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there is not only no objection to t
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tion. 21 Linguistic symbols themsel
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For ought we know, the synthetic fo
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unempirical dogma of empiricists, a
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The argument of Lewis.---That there
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ody of fixed meanings that are not
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Conclusion.---In the light of the a
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order not, in every case, bare itse
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It is concluded that synthetic apri
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the case, since such an assertion i
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ity, in its mobility and process, t
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ecome disinterested, self-conscious
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tion which denies intellect the cap
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assuming that just the categories m
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which the mind functions before the
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(5) Neither idea nor object exists.
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Thus, whether solipsism identifies
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ample, is not in the object as such
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propositions could be either tested
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ception will become increasingly ev
Page 137 and 138:
There are three ways in which the c
Page 139 and 140: As Blanshard puts the point: “Wha
Page 141 and 142: thorough refutation that no more th
Page 143 and 144: if the two propositions were analyt
Page 145 and 146: that, Ultimate Reality being what i
Page 147 and 148: hand, theism---the doctrine that na
Page 150 and 151: Chapter I THE EMPIRICAL APPROACH Ob
Page 152 and 153: Working “from the outside in,”
Page 154 and 155: forming these principles is in the
Page 156 and 157: It is true that the intellect abstr
Page 158 and 159: God is eternal, or infinite---for s
Page 160 and 161: tional empiricism that has already
Page 162 and 163: But can it really be said that the
Page 164 and 165: lation of the kind suggested. In an
Page 166 and 167: which can be clearly specified. But
Page 168 and 169: affirmed that God was to be known o
Page 170 and 171: making for the realization of absol
Page 172 and 173: Brunner---while God is clearly mani
Page 174 and 175: ‘Thou’ in Jesus Christ.”(Foot
Page 176 and 177: God is a mediated immediacy. while
Page 178 and 179: Section B. Chapter I; and the reade
Page 180 and 181: [indent] The tests of intuitions, h
Page 182 and 183: ather than that, as something rathe
Page 184 and 185: whether a special revelation would
Page 186 and 187: emember having met Him in personal
Page 188 and 189: Part, lies in evaluating alternativ
Page 192 and 193: Insofar as this general view rests-
Page 194 and 195: grounds which are rational. Otherwi
Page 196 and 197: lect might perform functions of no
Page 198 and 199: assuming the existence of the god w
Page 200 and 201: Nor will it be difficult to see tha
Page 202 and 203: God is [[158]] known in terms of a
Page 204 and 205: first principle is to misunderstand
Page 206 and 207: conclusions as such do not depend f
Page 208 and 209: Because man is thus in sinful rebel
Page 210 and 211: In general, while strictly speaking
Page 212 and 213: find these categories to be the ver
Page 214 and 215: affirmation of God's reality; or el
Page 216 and 217: cally basic---that such espousal [[
Page 218 and 219: ecognize it at all---in which case
Page 220 and 221: (3) Does this distortion involve re
Page 222 and 223: liefs which characterize men are tr
Page 224 and 225: Yet both men attempt to meet just t
Page 226 and 227: ecause it suggests that, granting t
Page 228 and 229: takes to show that the mere concept
Page 230 and 231: must result from the application of
Page 232 and 233: It is important to note carefully t
Page 234 and 235: consistency of an idea is made, in
Page 236 and 237: plies actual existence, can I pass
Page 238 and 239: possible and then inferred its exis
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essarily existing. Now “if what w
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It may therefore be urged that we h
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It may be helpful to state the same
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le, then we could not say that the
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upon the conspiration of an indefin
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part of the universe is to say that
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matter, for the case rests, as we h
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In the third place, the basic movem
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ever occur to the man who sold me t
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itself requires explanation in term
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status within which he tragically c
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so oriented matter and its arrangem
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of two perfectly homogeneous masses
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sential function in connection with
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naturalistic terms without the supp
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(3) The Intelligibility of the Worl
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But aside from the general insuffic
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Nouy says: “This amounts to the r
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have run its course in establishing
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language mechanisms may be at work
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tions and hence on an absolute par
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these two fields would rapidly brin
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produce, by similar interaction, th
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this manner? The effect of a physic
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(2) But in the second place, the ve
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highest good, it is thus supreme in
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eternal or timelessly necessary, fo
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mately involves its own denial. How
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(b) Relativism or Subjectivism: val
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(c) Third, the relativist implies t
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--is self-contradictory; for it amo
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ditions of objective existence in t
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An Answer to Objections Against the
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with the express purpose, usually,
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ence can be asserted, for this last
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Conclusion It is therefore conclude
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note 2: G. H. Clark, A Christian Ph
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The Reciprocal Character of Any Arg
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Third Ground of Finitude in God: Th
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cept the rational and moral charact
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first alternative is not here in po
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multiplied beyond necessity; third,
Page 324 and 325:
Conclusion The expansive-limiting a
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that is, that the world both has an
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tecedently existing void time. Henc
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contradictory, "for the existence o
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ing my existence, that of the pen,
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clude that either nothing exists, o
Page 336 and 337:
Thus the sage of Koenigsburg paid t
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has already been established. To de
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Kant's minor objection to the teleo
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ception of a most real being to the
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volved in experience likewise. Thus
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Preliminary Considerations In contr
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pure mathematics," is unjustified a
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existence of an absolutely necessar
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the objection is unsustained. And i
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ment in this form does involve a tr
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eginning has already been analyzed
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B. Metaphysical Objections: which a
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sequence must depend on a nontempor
Page 362 and 363:
It must be then that the scientific
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the world and decline to push throu
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in the absolutely self-conditioned
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the occurrence of processes must be
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again reach either the self-contrad
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tified? Even if there is an absolut
Page 374 and 375:
the temporal and in the contemporan
Page 376 and 377:
C. Conclusion: on the objections ag
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able. The question then becomes: fr
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probability, on the hypothesis of c
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the mere fact that x causes y, I ca
Page 384 and 385:
motion of material elements is thus
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that I already know by direct exper
Page 388 and 389:
watch made, once it is given in exp
Page 390 and 391:
discerned in beings possessed of ra
Page 392 and 393:
Now then: if truth and, more basica
Page 394 and 395:
ational and moral being. I have the
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fragment may be but a temporary and
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the case that any chance universe i
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maintaining its operation. The sugg
Page 402 and 403:
In the light of the above considera
Page 404 and 405:
What then, is an unconscious purpos
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sistent with this attribute, since
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Such an end would either exist with
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have shown elsewhere, transcends th
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true, not because of the greater nu
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Because intelligence in God must di
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contradiction, and that consequentl
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ecause it affects the organic realm
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By way of objection to this solutio
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of conscious, intelligent will is t
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that God is good in any absolute se
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situation. God therefore is benevol
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Ghose, The Life Divine, Book II, Ch
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answers yes, for he trusts the pers
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and thus cling to the reality of th
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But consider this last possibility:
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only after a careful scrutiny of th
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to make the 'good' happy and the 'b
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of God's being. Thus each principle
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complete teleological explanation,
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(a) Orders of sentient being below
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(a) Much natural evil can be elimin
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sary condition for the existence of
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(b) The accumulation of cases thus
Page 452 and 453:
. Reaction of divine law to the evi
Page 454 and 455:
(1) The proportionate application o
Page 456 and 457:
Since the whole range of objections
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the collocations of atoms in his ma
Page 460 and 461:
Blanshard, Brand. The Nature of Tho
Page 462 and 463:
_______. The Philosophy of St. Thom
Page 464 and 465:
Maritain, Jacques. The Degrees of K
Page 466 and 467:
Smith, Norman Kemp. A Commentary to
Page 468 and 469:
Kant's argument concerning, 272f. A
Page 470 and 471:
C criticism of cosmological argumen
Page 472 and 473:
as an alternate to purpose, 307, 30
Page 474 and 475:
Electionism: absolute, as an implic
Page 476 and 477:
status of, 154f.; 158, 159; 166f. F
Page 478 and 479:
its all-inclusive capacity for know
Page 480 and 481:
Liberalism: a representative of its
Page 482 and 483:
Nihilism: as a theoretical epistemo
Page 484 and 485:
criticism of cosmological argument,
Page 486 and 487:
Subjective empiricism: as an approa
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W Ward, J.: teleological argument,
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