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therefore the category of causation is not analytically implied in
that of substance. In fact, the very notion of analytical implication
appears to rest on that basic category of thought to which
the hypothetical judgment corresponds.
But again, a disjunctive proposition may be stated as a series
of hypotheticals. Take the disjunctive alternative proposition:
A is either B. or C. If this proposition be considered as a simple
alternative (i.e., in which neither of the alternatives would
by its affirmation necessarily exclude the other), it may be
stated as follows: If A is not B, it is C; If A is not C, it is B. If
the proposition be considered as a true disjunctive (i.e., in
which the affirmation of one alternative excludes the other), it
may be stated as follows: If A is B, it is not C; If A is C, it is
not B. Now if these reductions are legitimate, it would appear
that the disjunctive reduces to the hypothetical, and that the
category of reciprocity is already included in that of simple causation.
Yet here again the reduction seems to me to be invalid. (i)
The combination of hypotheticals thus suggested would not
arise unless the mind possessed already an understanding of
such a reciprocal relation as is involved in the combinations as
here stated. To express the disjunctive, in other words, a power
of thought, distinct from that needed for expressing a strict hypothetical,
is required: namely, that power by means of which
the hypotheticals are thus mutually related in pairs. But this
can only mean that the combination itself presupposes the disjunctive
judgment as basic. After all, it takes all four hypotheticals
to express the complete disjunctive idea: and no
reason can be given for the combination if thought does not
have a distinct capacity for thus relating proposed situations.
Certainly a simple hypothetical implies no thought of mutual
reciprocity: but this is implied in the disjunctive.
(ii) Even aside from the preceding point, the combined hypotheticals
do not express all that is involved in the alternative-