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essary being ultimately imposes all the conditions for the existence
of the entire space-time universe.
Does the appearance of mind require explanation in terms of
intelligent will, or not? If it does require such explanation at
all, the question of whether the number of minds is ten or ten
billion, is irrelevant to the validity of the teleological conclusion.
After all, suppose God had created ten times---or a million
times, if you like---the number of minds that have
appeared. Russell could always say that God was incompetent
since He could have created a still larger number, an infinite
number of actually existing minds being inconceivable. It
would seem, then, that either no explanation of a teleological
nature is required, or else the question of the number of minds
thus to be explained is irrelevant: and since the former position
is already discredited, the latter must be allowed to stand.
Again, how, in any case, does Russell know how many
minds the universe has produced? There may be uncounted orders
of rational beings beside those which have appeared on our
terrestrial ball. If the naturalist can speak of the experienced
world as but a tiny fragment of the whole, the teleologist can do
the same and suggest the possibility that the minds present in
this fragment are likewise dwarfed in number by the total production
of self-conscious beings [[331]] in the whole universe.
At least, there seems to be no way of denying such a possibility.
Finally, it may be pointed out that intrinsic value is not a
function of quantity at all. Is a musician, for example, more
competent because he composes ten symphonies instead of
one? The point is not decided in this way at all, but rather by a
consideration of whether, in such symphonies as he has written,
something of great aesthetic worth has been achieved. Shall I
impugn a Beethoven or a Brahms on the ground that each might
have written more musical classics? If it be said that a musician
who composes ten symphonies of aesthetic worth is more competent
than one who composes two, this may be true: but it is