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ploy the power of judgment in a number of ways: to conceive<br />

the building of a garage and its possibility, to make my intention<br />

known to the persons I wish to employ, etc. And in general,<br />

every intelligent action presupposes the minds’ power of<br />

judging with respect to presented data of experience.<br />

But, as we have already seen previously, the power of judging<br />

presupposes the mind’s initial possession, as tools or forms of<br />

thought, of the basic relations which make intelligent judgment<br />

possible. Thus from such an intelligent action as the building<br />

of a garage, I reach, by process of inference, the necessity of a<br />

synthetic a priori element in knowing. Indeed, it may be said<br />

that if intelligence did not possess the determinate conditions<br />

which make judgments possible---i.e., the categories---there<br />

would be no way of distinguishing it from non-intelligence: in<br />

fact, there would be no way of distinguishing it from nonintelligence:<br />

in fact, there would be no way of distinguishing<br />

anything from anything else, since such a distinction ultimately<br />

presupposes the mind’s innate power of thought. It can only be<br />

concluded therefore, that the mind does <strong>com</strong>e to experiential<br />

data with a categorical structure which it necessarily employs in<br />

understanding these data; or that intelligible experience is impossible:<br />

and since this last is self-contradictory by rendering<br />

itself unintelligible, the former alternative must stand.<br />

The whole point of our argument reaches its climax when we<br />

realize that we could not understand a definition of knowledge<br />

itself if we did not know what is was to know something: so<br />

that hopeless skepticism results unless we admit the synthetic a<br />

priori: “Knowledge . . . is, strictly speaking, indefinable in the<br />

sense that its meaning could not be conveyed to anyone who<br />

did not already know what the experience of knowing was. To<br />

know what knowledge is, you must first known what it is to<br />

know something.” 4 This predicament serves to illustrate clearly<br />

4 H. A. Larrabee, Reliable Knowledge, p. 5.

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