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le, then we could not say that the absolutely necessary being transcends the temporal series and we would still fall short of theism. Now consider this proposed possibility. If such a being is subject to succession of temporal moments, this succession of moments, this succession of moments must either be a self-involved subjection of one that arises from some extraneous cause. But in the latter case, as we indicated above, such a being is not an absolutely necessary being. In the former case, this self-involved subjection to time must spring either from a changeless or a changeable determinate condition in the absolute being. In the last instance---that the determinate condition is changeable---we contradict the original hypothesis that the absolutely necessary being is changeless in its essential nature, since any determinate condition in such a being must be part of its essential nature. In the first instance---that the determinate condition from which subjection to time springs is changeless---the subjection itself would be eternal. Now this would mean that the eternity of the absolutely necessary being would consist in an infinite series of successive moments: and we have already shown that such an infinite series is rationally inconceivable. Furthermore, if the determinate condition from which subjection to time springs is changeless, then self-contradiction results: for the condition, being itself a part of the nature of the absolutely necessary being, would itself be subject to time and would therefore change by passing through a succession of moments. This would yield then the curious result that the alleged changeless condition is a changeable and changing condition---which is self-contradictory. It therefore follows that since an absolutely necessary being cannot be subject to temporal succession either from a selfinvolved or extraneous cause, such a being must <strong>com</strong>pletely transcend the temporal series.
What follows from this proof of such transcension? The world to be explained by positing the absolutely necessary being is itself either subject to the temporal series or not. If not, then it is not the world of our experience: for this last world is essentially characterized by temporal succession of effects, and it would thus result that this actual world of experience is left unexplained by the argument to an absolute being. If the world to be explained is subject to temporal succession, it follows that the world---which might then be that of our experience---is not the absolutely necessary being. [[198]] But might some part of the world be the absolute being for which we seek? Apparently and obviously not: for to be a part of the world-whole, such a being would be necessarily subject to that very temporality of succession which characterizes the world itself; else we would be making the self-contradictory assertion that some part of the world is not a part of the world. Consequently, it follows from a positive consideration of what is meant by an absolutely necessary being that such a being transcends the temporal world and is thus identical in this respect with the God of the highest theism. Incidentally, a similar analysis can be made in terms of the concept of space, but because the analysis proceeds almost point for point like that from the concept of time, it is here omitted. The negative argument.---If anything less than a transcendent being were the absolutely necessary existence, it would have to be one of the following (proceeding from subjective to objective): (1) myself, or some other self which exists in the world; (2) some other part of the space-time universe; (3) the space-time universe as a whole. Could an existing self in the world be the absolutely necessary being? I hardly think that such a position can be seriously maintained in the final analysis. My very existence is contingent upon its relation to the whole causal nexus of reality: I have not always existed, and my present existence depends
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The Resurrection of Theism
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Copyright ? 2003 Roger Wasson Compa
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Affectionately Dedicated To Three o
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Thus no matter what conclusion one
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Origin of the Present Work: the Nee
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By way of anticipation I should lik
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conviction tempered with a deep Chr
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Sorely,
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Balfour, A. J. The Foundations of B
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Maritain, Jacques. The Degrees of K
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tions and reactions of the nature i
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If a person is to apprehend rationa
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GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduct
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ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I
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Concerning Epistemology Proper ....
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Brunner............................
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Part III NATURAL THEOLOGY AND THE E
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General Nature of the Argument.....
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Conclusion on the Teleological Argu
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CHAPTER III.THE REDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
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to the sphere of logical validity .
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as a whole, or of the particular in
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F. Conclusion on the Objections to
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CHAPTER I THE MEANING OF RATIONAL E
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what have you---but a representativ
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wrong in failing to cede to the rat
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contradiction results directly, whe
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(c) Infinite: in which a single pro
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to that which is its condition.”
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concerning things as noumena, all p
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ally a separate type, or reduces to
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therefore the category of causation
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of thought underlying a categorical
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The application of the categories b
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In a single paragraph Kant dismisse
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determining the number of categorie
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Hence, there is, strictly speaking,
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In other words, our first intelligi
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the fact that knowledge could not b
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from the proposition itself, else t
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Every attempt to derive the categor
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But if necessary logical laws do no
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certainly not an arbitrary definiti
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(4) Intuitionism, finally, asserts
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upon the proper occasion of observa
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knowledge is apparently to be conce
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(iii) An idea which the soul acquir
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there is not only no objection to t
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tion. 21 Linguistic symbols themsel
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For ought we know, the synthetic fo
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unempirical dogma of empiricists, a
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The argument of Lewis.---That there
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ody of fixed meanings that are not
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Conclusion.---In the light of the a
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order not, in every case, bare itse
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It is concluded that synthetic apri
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the case, since such an assertion i
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ity, in its mobility and process, t
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ecome disinterested, self-conscious
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tion which denies intellect the cap
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assuming that just the categories m
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which the mind functions before the
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(5) Neither idea nor object exists.
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Thus, whether solipsism identifies
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ample, is not in the object as such
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propositions could be either tested
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ception will become increasingly ev
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There are three ways in which the c
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As Blanshard puts the point: “Wha
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thorough refutation that no more th
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if the two propositions were analyt
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that, Ultimate Reality being what i
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hand, theism---the doctrine that na
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Chapter I THE EMPIRICAL APPROACH Ob
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Working “from the outside in,”
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forming these principles is in the
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It is true that the intellect abstr
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God is eternal, or infinite---for s
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tional empiricism that has already
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But can it really be said that the
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lation of the kind suggested. In an
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which can be clearly specified. But
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affirmed that God was to be known o
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making for the realization of absol
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Brunner---while God is clearly mani
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‘Thou’ in Jesus Christ.”(Foot
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God is a mediated immediacy. while
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Section B. Chapter I; and the reade
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[indent] The tests of intuitions, h
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ather than that, as something rathe
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whether a special revelation would
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emember having met Him in personal
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Part, lies in evaluating alternativ
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But now: either scientific beliefs
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Insofar as this general view rests-
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grounds which are rational. Otherwi
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Page 198 and 199: assuming the existence of the god w
Page 200 and 201: Nor will it be difficult to see tha
Page 202 and 203: God is [[158]] known in terms of a
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Page 206 and 207: conclusions as such do not depend f
Page 208 and 209: Because man is thus in sinful rebel
Page 210 and 211: In general, while strictly speaking
Page 212 and 213: find these categories to be the ver
Page 214 and 215: affirmation of God's reality; or el
Page 216 and 217: cally basic---that such espousal [[
Page 218 and 219: ecognize it at all---in which case
Page 220 and 221: (3) Does this distortion involve re
Page 222 and 223: liefs which characterize men are tr
Page 224 and 225: Yet both men attempt to meet just t
Page 226 and 227: ecause it suggests that, granting t
Page 228 and 229: takes to show that the mere concept
Page 230 and 231: must result from the application of
Page 232 and 233: It is important to note carefully t
Page 234 and 235: consistency of an idea is made, in
Page 236 and 237: plies actual existence, can I pass
Page 238 and 239: possible and then inferred its exis
Page 240 and 241: essarily existing. Now “if what w
Page 242 and 243: It may therefore be urged that we h
Page 244 and 245: It may be helpful to state the same
Page 248 and 249: upon the conspiration of an indefin
Page 250 and 251: part of the universe is to say that
Page 252 and 253: matter, for the case rests, as we h
Page 254 and 255: In the third place, the basic movem
Page 256 and 257: ever occur to the man who sold me t
Page 258 and 259: itself requires explanation in term
Page 260 and 261: status within which he tragically c
Page 262 and 263: so oriented matter and its arrangem
Page 264 and 265: of two perfectly homogeneous masses
Page 266 and 267: sential function in connection with
Page 268 and 269: naturalistic terms without the supp
Page 270 and 271: (3) The Intelligibility of the Worl
Page 272 and 273: But aside from the general insuffic
Page 274 and 275: Nouy says: “This amounts to the r
Page 276 and 277: have run its course in establishing
Page 278 and 279: language mechanisms may be at work
Page 280 and 281: tions and hence on an absolute par
Page 282 and 283: these two fields would rapidly brin
Page 284 and 285: produce, by similar interaction, th
Page 286 and 287: this manner? The effect of a physic
Page 288 and 289: (2) But in the second place, the ve
Page 290 and 291: highest good, it is thus supreme in
Page 292 and 293: eternal or timelessly necessary, fo
Page 294 and 295: mately involves its own denial. How
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(b) Relativism or Subjectivism: val
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(c) Third, the relativist implies t
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--is self-contradictory; for it amo
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ditions of objective existence in t
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An Answer to Objections Against the
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with the express purpose, usually,
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ence can be asserted, for this last
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Conclusion It is therefore conclude
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note 2: G. H. Clark, A Christian Ph
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The Reciprocal Character of Any Arg
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Third Ground of Finitude in God: Th
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cept the rational and moral charact
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first alternative is not here in po
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multiplied beyond necessity; third,
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Conclusion The expansive-limiting a
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that is, that the world both has an
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tecedently existing void time. Henc
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contradictory, "for the existence o
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ing my existence, that of the pen,
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clude that either nothing exists, o
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Thus the sage of Koenigsburg paid t
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has already been established. To de
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Kant's minor objection to the teleo
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ception of a most real being to the
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volved in experience likewise. Thus
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Preliminary Considerations In contr
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pure mathematics," is unjustified a
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existence of an absolutely necessar
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the objection is unsustained. And i
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ment in this form does involve a tr
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eginning has already been analyzed
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B. Metaphysical Objections: which a
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sequence must depend on a nontempor
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It must be then that the scientific
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the world and decline to push throu
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in the absolutely self-conditioned
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the occurrence of processes must be
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again reach either the self-contrad
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tified? Even if there is an absolut
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the temporal and in the contemporan
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C. Conclusion: on the objections ag
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able. The question then becomes: fr
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probability, on the hypothesis of c
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the mere fact that x causes y, I ca
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motion of material elements is thus
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that I already know by direct exper
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watch made, once it is given in exp
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discerned in beings possessed of ra
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Now then: if truth and, more basica
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ational and moral being. I have the
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fragment may be but a temporary and
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the case that any chance universe i
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maintaining its operation. The sugg
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In the light of the above considera
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What then, is an unconscious purpos
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sistent with this attribute, since
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Such an end would either exist with
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have shown elsewhere, transcends th
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true, not because of the greater nu
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Because intelligence in God must di
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contradiction, and that consequentl
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ecause it affects the organic realm
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By way of objection to this solutio
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of conscious, intelligent will is t
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that God is good in any absolute se
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situation. God therefore is benevol
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Ghose, The Life Divine, Book II, Ch
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answers yes, for he trusts the pers
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and thus cling to the reality of th
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But consider this last possibility:
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only after a careful scrutiny of th
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to make the 'good' happy and the 'b
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of God's being. Thus each principle
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complete teleological explanation,
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(a) Orders of sentient being below
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(a) Much natural evil can be elimin
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sary condition for the existence of
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(b) The accumulation of cases thus
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. Reaction of divine law to the evi
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(1) The proportionate application o
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Since the whole range of objections
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the collocations of atoms in his ma
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Blanshard, Brand. The Nature of Tho
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_______. The Philosophy of St. Thom
Page 464 and 465:
Maritain, Jacques. The Degrees of K
Page 466 and 467:
Smith, Norman Kemp. A Commentary to
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Kant's argument concerning, 272f. A
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C criticism of cosmological argumen
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as an alternate to purpose, 307, 30
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Electionism: absolute, as an implic
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status of, 154f.; 158, 159; 166f. F
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its all-inclusive capacity for know
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Liberalism: a representative of its
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Nihilism: as a theoretical epistemo
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criticism of cosmological argument,
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Subjective empiricism: as an approa
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W Ward, J.: teleological argument,
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