From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approaches to Internal Displacement: Findings from 15 Countries Pakistan / An IDP man and his son get ready to leave Jalozai camp, where they have been accommodated for the past two months. They will return to their homes in the Swat valley. The bus ride from Jalozai to their village takes 4 to 5 hours. While some people are looking forward to returning, others remain concerned by the security near their villages of origin. Photo: UNHCR / H. Caux / July 2009 128
Benchmark 10 Establish the Conditions and Provide the Means for IDPs to Secure Durable Solutions Benchmark 10 Establish the Conditions and Provide the Means for IDPs to Secure Durable Solutions Is the government working—or has it worked—to establish conditions enabling IDPs to secure a durable solution to displacement? A durable solution is achieved when internally displaced persons no longer have any specific assistance and protection needs linked to their displacement and they can enjoy their human rights without discrimination based on their displacement. It can be achieved through the following: —sustainable reintegration in the place of origin (hereafter referred to as “return”) —sustainable local integration in areas where internally displaced persons take refuge (local integration) —sustainable integration in another part of the country (settlement elsewhere in the country). As articulated in Principle 28 of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, IDPs have a right to a durable solution and national authorities bear “the primary duty and responsibility to establish conditions, as well as provide the means” that allow IDPs to achieve durable solutions. 1 Supporting durable solutions is a gradual process that usually requires the additional involvement of a number of actors, including local authorities as well as humanitarian and development agencies, to identify the right strategies to assist and involve IDPs. Securing durable solutions is in the state’s best interest. Leaving IDPs in a continuing state of marginalization without the prospect of a durable solution could impede long-term stability, recovery and reconstruction in post-crisis countries. 1 Principle 28(1), Section V, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. 129 While the resolution of a conflict—for example, by the signing of a peace agreement—creates opportunities to find durable solutions, it usually is not sufficient in itself to create a durable solution. Although no systematic data are available, it seems that the longer displacement lasts, the more difficult and the more unlikely return to the place of origin becomes. Most national authorities want IDPs to return to their communities once the issue that provoked their displacement is resolved, unless, of course, those authorities condoned or even caused the displacement to achieve political or military objectives. For the most part, IDPs, too, hope to be able to return home if certain conditions are in place. Indeed, they may insist on return as the only just remedy for their displacement while also insisting on support for their local integration in the interim. In many instances in which return is the preferred option, national authorities are loath to assist in the local integration of the displaced for fear of sending the message that their displacement is permanent rather than temporary. Displacement changes individuals and societies, sometimes irreversibly. Especially in protracted situations, concepts of “home” can change, especially among those who are born into displacement. In addition, the issue of when and how displacement is resolved is usually highly politicized, with governments or other actors favoring certain solutions over others for their own reasons, irrespective of the preferences of the displaced. In the case of natural disasters, solutions are in some respects more straightforward but in other regards more complex. Unlike in situations of displacement due to conflict, political violence or human rights violations, the possibility of return home after a disaster does not necessarily evoke fear of ongoing persecution, violence or retribution. However, the risk of a recurrence of disaster can be just as powerful an obstacle to return. Moreover, the destruction caused by a disaster can alter the landscape to such an extent that there no longer is any land—or any safe, habitable land—to which IDPs can return. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement— which reflect international law, international
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The Brookings Institution - London
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From Responsibility to Response: As
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CONTENTS Acronyms .................
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ACRONYMS AIHRC Afghanistan Independ
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FOREWORD It is with great pleasure
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Given the large num
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It is a central tenet of internatio
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legislation relevant to IDPs. Still
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amend existing ones, in line with t
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Background and Aims of the Study In
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displacement persists for several y
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operationalizing the responsibiliti
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Therefore, it is not surprising tha
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Azerbaijani, Chinese, French, Portu
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National Initiatives In Iraq, IOM p
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of the country. 62 In addition, six
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in French and Spanish depending on
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serves only to supplant and absolve
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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approa
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Benchmark 1 Benchmark 1 Prevent Dis
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Benchmark 1 Prevent Displacement an
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Benchmark 2 Raise National Awarenes
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Conclusion Benchmark 2 Raise Nation
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Benchmark 3 Data Collection on Inte
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—Current location and location of
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its registration rolls intra-urban
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and profiling of three types of IDP
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the government of Afghanistan under
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Benchmark 4 Training on the Rights
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actions of DRC authorities and nong
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the provision of technical support
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Justice, National Cohesion and Cons
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February 2010; one outcome of the t
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Benchmark 5 Ensure a Legal Framewor
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Conclusion Benchmark 5 Ensure a Leg
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Benchmark 6 Develop a National Poli
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Page 117 and 118: Benchmark 8 Benchmark 8 Support NHR
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Page 183 and 184: Conclusion As indicated in the intr
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Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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Kenya National Response to Internal
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Afghanistan Internal Displacement i
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Sri Lanka Gaps in the Government Re
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Domestic Financing Foreign financin
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This study seeks to shed light on h
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CHAPTER 3 Translating National Resp
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For each country case study, the ex
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5 6 Ensure a Legal Framework for Up
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9 9 a) Facilitate IDPs’ Participa
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12 Cooperate with International Com
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The Brookings Institution - London
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