From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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CHAPTER 2 Case Studies: Georgia, Kenya, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka all refugees opting to return and internally displaced persons will be provided assistance for rehabilitation and integration in their local communities; their integration will be supported by national development programmes, particularly in key areas of return. 104 The FY 2009–2010 budget allocated $3 million to the Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation to fund efforts for refugees and IDPs under the “Social Protection Sector” to “ensure technical and basic social services for established towns for returnees.” 105 However, Noor Mohammad Haidari, a senior MoRR adviser, stated in January 2010, “Whilst we have no budget for assistance to IDPs, we stress long-term and sustainable solutions.” He added that MoRR is unable to provide IDPs with integration services and requires assistance from donors, aid agencies and other government entities. 106 In addition, international humanitarian organizations and the donor community provide significant resources to fill gaps and fund protection-oriented programs for the displaced along with other humanitarian activities. In 2009, 90 percent of Afghanistan’s public expenditures were funded by international sources. 107 Also as of 2009, Afghanistan had been the fourth-largest recipient of humanitarian aid in the world since 1995. Between 2000 and 2009, humanitarian expenditures for Afghanistan, Asia’s largest recipient of such aid, stood at $5.1 billion of a total of $90 billion spent globally on humanitarian response. 108 104 Ministry of Finance, 1388 National Budget, 2009 (www. budgetmof.gov.af/Budget_Resources/1388/1388_ National_Budget_ENG.pdf). 105 Ibid. 106 IRIN, “Afghanistan: More IDPs than Previously Thought— Government,” 4 January 2010 (www.irinnews.org). 107 Latest data available at the time of writing. IDMC, Armed Conflict Forces Increasing Numbers of Afghans to Flee Their Homes. 108 Figures from Development Initiatives, as reported by Global Humanitarian Assistance. Figures include contributions from governments—members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development–Development Assistance Committee and others reporting to the UN 276 12. Cooperate with the International Community when National Capacity is Insufficient Does the government facilitate efforts by international organizations to address internal displacement? The government invites and accepts assistance from the international community to help address internal displacement and works to ensure that international actors enjoy safe and unimpeded access to the internally displaced. However, ongoing insecurity and violence limit humanitarian access. In August 2007 during a working visit to Afghanistan, Walter Kälin, the Representative of the UN Secretary- General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, participated in a UN workshop on the protection of civilians in Afghanistan and met with the vice president, several ministers, and heads of international agencies. 109 Humanitarian access is limited due to insecurity and violence throughout the country, including attacks against aid workers, largely by armed opposition groups. The attacks are indicative of the inability of the national authorities to provide adequate protection to those assisting crisis-affected populations. Since 2006, Afghanistan has been the second of the three most violent environments for aid workers, reflecting an increasing trend in the incidence of attacks on aid workers since 1997. 110 In Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Financial Tracking Service (FTS)—and private contributions reported to the FTS. This includes the money spent by these donors through UN agencies, NGOs and financing mechanisms such as the Central Emergency Response Fund. Global Humanitarian Assistance, “Country Profile: Afghanistan,” and Global Humanitarian Assistance, GHA Report 2011, pp. 22–34; see further pp. 38, 50, 69–75 (www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org). 109 OHCHR, “UN Expert Concerned about Growing Problem of Internal Displacement in Afghanistan,” 20 August 2007. 110 See further, Abby Stoddard, Adele Harmer and Victoria
Afghanistan Internal Displacement in Afghanistan: Complex Challenges to Government Response 2007, following his visit to Afghanistan to participate in a UN workshop on the protection of civilians, Walter Kälin stated that the inaccessibility “for security reasons” of conflict-affected areas to humanitarian organizations “hampers the delivery of urgently needed humanitarian assistance.” 111 In 2009, the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan reported that insecurity restricted its access to a number of displaced persons and made it difficult to provide assistance. 112 According to the UN, less than 40 percent of the country was categorized as a “low-risk/permissive environment” for international DiDomenico, Providing Aid in Insecure Environments: 2009 Update Trends in Violence against Aid Workers and the Operational Response, Humanitarian Policy Group Policy Brief 34, Overseas Development Institute, April 2009 (www.odi.org.uk). 111 OHCHR, “UN Expert Concerned about Growing Problem of Internal Displacement in Afghanistan,” 20 August 2007. 112 U.S. State Department, 2009 Human Rights Report: Afghanistan (www.state.gov). Kabul, Afghanistan / A woman passes her registration details to a UNHCR worker at a distribution event at Tamir Mill Bus site. Photo: UNHCR / J. Tanner / February 2011 277 humanitarian organizations in 2009. 113 Insecurity has prompted the UN and international organizations to limit the number of international staff based in certain areas or, following attacks on personnel, to evacuate staff temporarily and to reduce nonessential programs in order to reduce exposure to attacks. 114 The spread of conflict in 2010 to more stable provinces in the northwest and the west further reduced humanitarian access, hindering the ability of humanitarian agencies to protect and assist civilians, including internally displaced Afghans. 115 113 OCHA, Afghanistan Humanitarian Action Plan 2010, 30 November 2009 (www.unocha.org). 114 See for example, Zoi Constantine, “Evacuated UN Workers Return to Afghanistan,” The National, 25 February 2010 (www.thenational.ae); OCHA, Afghanistan Humanitarian Action Plan 2010, 30 November 2009. 115 OCHA, 2011 Consolidated Appeal for Afghanistan, November 2010, p. 36 (www.unocha.org).
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The Brookings Institution - London
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From Responsibility to Response: As
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CONTENTS Acronyms .................
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ACRONYMS AIHRC Afghanistan Independ
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FOREWORD It is with great pleasure
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Given the large num
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It is a central tenet of internatio
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legislation relevant to IDPs. Still
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amend existing ones, in line with t
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Background and Aims of the Study In
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displacement persists for several y
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operationalizing the responsibiliti
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Therefore, it is not surprising tha
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Azerbaijani, Chinese, French, Portu
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National Initiatives In Iraq, IOM p
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of the country. 62 In addition, six
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in French and Spanish depending on
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serves only to supplant and absolve
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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approa
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Benchmark 1 Benchmark 1 Prevent Dis
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Benchmark 1 Prevent Displacement an
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Benchmark 2 Raise National Awarenes
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Conclusion Benchmark 2 Raise Nation
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Benchmark 3 Data Collection on Inte
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—Current location and location of
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its registration rolls intra-urban
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and profiling of three types of IDP
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the government of Afghanistan under
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Benchmark 4 Training on the Rights
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actions of DRC authorities and nong
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the provision of technical support
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Justice, National Cohesion and Cons
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February 2010; one outcome of the t
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Benchmark 5 Ensure a Legal Framewor
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Conclusion Benchmark 5 Ensure a Leg
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Benchmark 6 Develop a National Poli
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Benchmark 7 Designate an Institutio
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not necessarily influence such chan
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Institutional mandate and responsib
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this body include preparing “stra
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lead state agency may turn to other
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a division of functions being made
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Benchmark 8 Benchmark 8 Support NHR
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Benchmark 8 Support NHRIs to Integr
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Benchmark 9 Facilitate IDPs’ Part
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The process of participation is gen
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Georgia represents an especially in
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about the national policy. 16 Sudan
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and reinforce durable solutions. 27
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was 12 million, or 62 percent of th
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displacement. 52 In the run-up to t
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vote is by no means consistent (for
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Benchmark 10 Establish the Conditio
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Benchmark 11 Allocate Adequate Reso
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also ordered the National Council f
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In Sri Lanka, 16 it is difficult to
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Conclusion As indicated in the intr
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Benchmark 12 Cooperation with Inter
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North Darfur, Sudan/ A woman collec
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CHAPTER 2 Case Studies Georgia, Ken
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Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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Page 243 and 244: Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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12 Cooperate with International Com
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The Brookings Institution - London
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From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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