From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approaches to Internal Displacement: Findings from 15 Countries Since the signing of a cease-fire agreement in February 2010, emphasis on the return of IDPs has been given new impetus by the government, which has promised assistance for returnees. 117 However, in practice conditions of insecurity persisted in 2010 in areas of origin in the North, and insufficient funds have been disbursed to those who return. 118 A rapid survey undertaken by UNHCR of 439 families in Hajjah and Amran governorates after the February 2010 cease-fire revealed that only 18 percent of those surveyed intended to return within the next six months; the rest either had yet to decide or planned to return later. 119 Obstacles to return cited by IDPs included the risk of renewed conflict, land mines, property damage, fear of arrest and food insecurity. 120 By June 2010, only an estimated 28,000 IDPs (or about 10 percent of those registered) had in fact returned. 121 On 1 July 2010, the government announced that it had reached a new “reconciliation deal” with Houthi rebels in Sa’ada, with the stated purposes of bolstering the February cease-fire, addressing tribal conflicts, and encouraging the return of IDPs. According to the Minister of Local Administration, the agreement stipulates that the Houthi rebels would, among other things, “ensure 117 IRIN, “Yemen: Fatal Clashes Strain Sa’ada Cease-Fire,” 1 June 2010 (www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?Report Id=89326). 118 IRIN, “Yemen: Ongoing Violence in North Hinders IDP Returns,” 7 June 2010 (http://irinnews.org/Report. aspx?ReportId=89387); IRIN, “Yemen: IDP Returnees Face Tough Challenges,” 29 March 2010 (www.irinnews. org/report.aspx?ReportID=88599); International Crisis Group, “Yemen: Defusing the Sa’ada Time Bomb,” 27 May 2009, p. 23 (www.crisisgroup.org); IRIN, “Yemen: Northern Rebels Accuse President of Reneging on Promises,” 24 June 2010 (http://irinnews.org/Report. aspx?ReportId=89604). 119 IDMC, Yemen: IDPs Facing International Neglect, August 2010 (www.internal-displacement.org). 120 Ibid. 121 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Registered and Returned IDPs: As of 14 June 2010,” 14 June 2010 (http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ LPAA-86HAZ7?OpenDocument). 150 security along roads and in mosques and schools to encourage the return of IDPs.” However, according to the secretary-general of a local council in Sa’ada, “too many IDPs don’t want to return home … They are skeptical about security and stability being restored to Sa’ada. They see this [deal] as one of a series of ineffective agreements that failed to end the six-year conflict.” 122 According to the RSG Kälin, the lack of alternative durable solutions for IDPs, namely local integration or resettlement elsewhere in the country, risks creating a situation of protracted internal displacement. 123 In the South, a conflict beginning in May 2011 had displaced over 90,000 people from their homes in the governorates of Aden, Lahj, Abyan and Sana’a by early August 2011, with many government services severely disrupted or halted altogether and a declining economic situation adding to the vulnerability of the displaced. Determining the exact number of IDPs has been difficult to ascertain in parts of the country due to the conflict and limited access. 124 122 IRIN, “Yemen: Government Moves to Speed Up IDP Returns,” 1 July 2010 (www.irinnews.org/report. aspx?Reportid=89696). 123 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN OHCHR), “IDPs in Yemen Threatened by Lack of Humanitarian Funding,” 12 April 2010 (www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=9957&LangID=E). 124 See, for example, OCHA, Yemen Humanitarian Emergency Situation Report No. 6, 3 August 2011; OCHA, Yemen Humanitarian Emergency Situation Report No. 4, 15 July 2011; OCHA, Yemen Humanitarian Emergency Situation Report No. 3, 1 July 2011; OCHA, Yemen Civil Unrest and Displacement Humanitarian Country Team Situation Report No. 1, 7 June 2011 (http://reliefweb.int); IRIN, “Yemen: Civilians Flee Violence in the South,” 31 May 2011 (www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92860); UN News Centre, “More Yemenis Dependent on Aid Because of Ongoing Conflict: UN,” 18 July 2011 (www. un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39068&Cr=yemen &Cr1=).
Benchmark 10 Establish the Conditions and Provide the Means for IDPs to Secure Durable Solutions Countries in which the conflict is “frozen”: Active fighting has ceased but a political settlement remains In Turkey, while the government has worked to establish conditions to enable durable solutions for IDPs, especially through its Return to Village and Rehabilitation Project (RVRP), initiated in 1994, and the Van Action Plan (2006), several factors hinder the attainment of durable solutions for the approximately 1 million IDPs in the country. Obstacles include the continued existence in areas of return of the paramilitary provincial and voluntary militia called “village guards,” who often were implicated in the initial displacement; landmines and unexploded ordnance; armed clashes that have occurred intermittently since 2004; with some exceptions, lack of adequate public infrastructure; and limited economic opportunities. 125 125 See, for example, Council of Europe, Commissioner for Human Rights, Report: Thomas Hammarber, Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe Following His Visit to Turkey on 28 June– 3 July 2009, 1 October 2009 (www.commissioner.coe. int); European Commission, 2003 Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession (http://ec.europa. eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2003/ rr_tk_final_en.pdf); UN Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons, Mr. Francis Deng, Submitted Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2002/56—Addendum: Profiles in Displacement: Turkey, E/CN.4/2003/86/Add.2, 27 November 2002 (www2. ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/visits.htm); OHCHR, “Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons Sees New Hope for the Internally Displaced Persons in Turkey,” Press release, 6 May 2005 (www.brookings.edu/projects/ idp/RSG-Press-Releases/20050506_turkeypr.aspx); UNDP, “Working Visit by the Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons to Turkey, 28 September–1 October 2006: Conclusions and Recommendations,” 2006 (www. undp.org.tr/Gozlem2.aspx?WebSayfaNo=726). 151 According to official government figures, the Return to Village and Rehabilitation Project had been implemented in fourteen eastern and southeastern provinces as of September 2009 and, as of July 2009, over 150,000 IDPs had returned to their original places of residence. 126 However, there are concerns about the reliability of the government’s statistics on return. For example, Human Rights Watch has suggested that they have been inflated in some instances or otherwise manipulated, including by counting returned village guards who then confiscate the property of evicted villagers as “returnees.” 127 According to a survey by Hacettepe University in 2006, 120,000 IDPs had returned, representing only 10 percent of the IDP population. Moreover, the vast majority of returnees surveyed (88 percent) had returned without assistance from the government and about half of them were not aware of their entitlements under the RVRP or the Law on Compensation. 128 Intended to complement the RVRP and other IDP assistance mechanisms, the Van Action Plan supports reconstruction and durable solutions to displacement in Van Province. The plan, developed in collaboration with UNDP, represents a significant step toward addressing IDP issues and was welcomed by RSG Kälin. One of the strengths of the plan is that given that many IDPs in urban areas do not want to return, it also provides measures to address urban internal displacement. However, there are several outstanding gaps in the Van Action Plan: it does not adequately address obstacles to 126 Also see IDMC, Turkey: Need for Continued Improvement in Response to Protracted Displacement: A Profile of the Internal Displacement Situation, 26 October 2009, p. 41 (ww.internal-displacement.org). 127 See Human Rights Watch, Still Critical: Prospects in 2005 for Internally Displaced Kurds in Turkey, 6 March 2005 (www.hrw.org). 128 Hacettepe University, Institute of Population Studies, “Findings of the Turkey Migration and Internally Displaced Population Survey,” press release, 6 December 2006 (www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tgyona/press_release. pdf), cited in IDMC, Turkey: Need for Continued Improvement in Response to Protracted Displacement: A Profile of the Internal Displacement Situation, 26 October 2009, p. 11 (www.internal-displacement.org).
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The Brookings Institution - London
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From Responsibility to Response: As
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CONTENTS Acronyms .................
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ACRONYMS AIHRC Afghanistan Independ
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FOREWORD It is with great pleasure
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Given the large num
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It is a central tenet of internatio
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legislation relevant to IDPs. Still
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amend existing ones, in line with t
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Background and Aims of the Study In
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displacement persists for several y
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operationalizing the responsibiliti
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Therefore, it is not surprising tha
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Azerbaijani, Chinese, French, Portu
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National Initiatives In Iraq, IOM p
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of the country. 62 In addition, six
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in French and Spanish depending on
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serves only to supplant and absolve
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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approa
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Benchmark 1 Benchmark 1 Prevent Dis
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Benchmark 1 Prevent Displacement an
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Benchmark 2 Raise National Awarenes
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Conclusion Benchmark 2 Raise Nation
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Benchmark 3 Data Collection on Inte
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—Current location and location of
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its registration rolls intra-urban
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and profiling of three types of IDP
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the government of Afghanistan under
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Benchmark 4 Training on the Rights
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actions of DRC authorities and nong
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the provision of technical support
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Justice, National Cohesion and Cons
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February 2010; one outcome of the t
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Benchmark 5 Ensure a Legal Framewor
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Conclusion Benchmark 5 Ensure a Leg
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Benchmark 6 Develop a National Poli
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Benchmark 7 Designate an Institutio
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not necessarily influence such chan
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Institutional mandate and responsib
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this body include preparing “stra
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lead state agency may turn to other
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a division of functions being made
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Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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Kenya National Response to Internal
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Afghanistan Internal Displacement i
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Sri Lanka Gaps in the Government Re
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Domestic Financing Foreign financin
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This study seeks to shed light on h
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CHAPTER 3 Translating National Resp
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For each country case study, the ex
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5 6 Ensure a Legal Framework for Up
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9 9 a) Facilitate IDPs’ Participa
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12 Cooperate with International Com
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The Brookings Institution - London
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